Cover image for TORUS 1 -- toward an open resource using services : cloud computing for environmental data
Title:
TORUS 1 -- toward an open resource using services : cloud computing for environmental data
Author:
Laffly, Dominique.
ISBN:
9781119720492

9781119720478
Publication Information:
Hoboken : Wiley, 2020.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (345 pages)
General Note:
11.2. Systems based on multi-core CPUs
Contents:
Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface: Why TORUS? Toward an Open Resource Using Services, or How to Bring Environmental Science Closer to Cloud Computing -- Structure of the book -- PART 1: Integrated Analysis in Geography: The Way to Cloud Computing -- Introduction to Part 1 -- Introduction: the landscape as a system -- 1. Geographical Information and Landscape, Elements of Formalization -- 2. Sampling Strategies -- 2.1. References -- 3. Characterization of the Spatial Structure -- 4. Thematic Information Structures

5. From the Point to the Surface, How to Link Endogenous and Exogenous Data -- 5.1. References -- 6. Big Data in Geography -- Conclusion to Part 1: Why Here But Not There? -- PART 2: Basic Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Tools -- 7. An Introduction to Machine Learning -- 7.1. Predictive modeling: introduction -- 7.2. Bayesian modeling -- 7.2.1. Basic probability theory -- 7.2.2. Bayes rule -- 7.2.3. Parameter estimation -- 7.2.4. Learning Gaussians -- 7.3. Generative versus discriminative models -- 7.4. Classification -- 7.4.1. Naïve Bayes -- 7.4.2. Support vector machines

7.5. Evaluation metrics for classification evaluation -- 7.5.1. Confusion matrix-based measures -- 7.5.2. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) -- 7.6. Cross-validation and over-fitting -- 7.7. References -- 8. Multivariate Data Analysis -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Principal component analysis -- 8.2.1. How to measure the information -- 8.2.2. Scalar product and orthogonal variables -- 8.2.3. Construction of the principal axes -- 8.2.4. Analysis of the principal axes -- 8.2.5. Analysis of the data points -- 8.3. Multiple correspondence analysis -- 8.3.1. Indicator matrix -- 8.3.2. Cloud of data points

8.3.3. Cloud of levels -- 8.3.4. MCA or PCA? -- 8.4. Clustering -- 8.4.1. Distance between data points -- 8.4.2. Dissimilarity criteria between clusters -- 8.4.3. Variance (inertia) decomposition -- 8.4.4. k-means method -- 8.4.5. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering -- 8.5. References -- 9. Sensitivity Analysis -- 9.1. Generalities -- 9.2. Methods based on linear regression -- 9.2.1. Presentation -- 9.2.2. R practice -- 9.3. Morris' method -- 9.3.1. Elementary effects method (Morris' method) -- 9.3.2. R practice -- 9.4. Methods based on variance analysis -- 9.4.1. Sobol' indices

9.4.2. Estimation of the Sobol' indices -- 9.4.3. R practice -- 9.5. Conclusion -- 9.6. References -- 10. Using R for Multivariate Analysis -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.1.1. The dataset -- 10.1.2. The variables -- 10.2. Principal component analysis -- 10.2.1. Eigenvalues -- 10.2.2. Data points (Individuals) -- 10.2.3. Supplementary variables -- 10.2.4. Other representations -- 10.3. Multiple correspondence analysis -- 10.4. Clustering -- 10.4.1. k-means algorithm -- 10.5. References -- PART 3: Computer Science -- 11. High Performance and Distributed Computing -- 11.1. High performance computing
Abstract:
This book, presented in three volumes, examines {u0093}environmental{u0094} disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.
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John Wiley and Sons
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