Author Presentation -- Preface xv Marianne SARAZIN -- Part 1 Growing with Artificial Intelligence -- Introduction to Part 1 3 Marianne SARAZIN -- Chapter 1 From Human to Artificial Intelligence 5 Bruno SALGUES -- 1.1 The different forms of intelligence -- 1.1.1 Human intelligence typologies -- 1.1.2 Artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence -- 1.1.3 Object intelligence and human assistance -- 1.2 History of "artificial" intelligence -- 1.2.1 Mechanical forms -- 1.2.2 The desire to model neurons and cybernetics -- 1.2.3 The arrival of computers -- 1.2.4 Different uses of artificial intelligence in healthcare -- 1.2.5 Automated fields or scored answers -- 1.2.6 Expert systems -- 1.2.7 Vector differentiation or vector forest -- 1.2.8 Convolution matrix -- 1.2.9 Multi-cameral or democratic systems -- 1.2.10 System dynamics -- 1.2.11 Machine learning -- 1.2.12 Deep learning -- 1.2.13 The keys to adopting artificial intelligence in healthcare -- 1.2.14 Organ processing using artificial intelligence -- 1.2.15 Medical procedures aided by artificial intelligence: drug dosage -- Chapter 2 The Philosopher's Point of View: The Challenges of AI for Our Humanity 29 François-Xavier CLÉMENT -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The beginnings of AI -- 2.3 Man: master or slave of AI - examples of behavioral approaches -- 2.3.1 Teenagers and their phones -- 2.3.2 Consumer behavior and AI -- 2.3.3 Memory use and AI -- 2.3.4 Human intelligence versus AI -- 2.3.5 Game master: human or AI? -- 2.4 And what about humanity? -- 2.4.1 New language -- 2.4.2 New thinking -- 2.4.3 A new moral -- 2.5 AI in education: changing learning styles among students in 2020 -- 2.5.1 Generations and technology -- 2.5.2 Student behavior -- 2.6 A few concluding words -- Part 2 Working with Artificial Intelligence -- Introduction to Part 2 49 Marianne SARAZIN -- Chapter 3 For Strategic and Responsible "Piloting" of AI-related Open Innovation Projects 51 Aline COURIE-LEMEUR -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Innovation development and the "open innovation" model: challenges and risks -- 3.2.1 Definition of open innovation -- 3.2.2 Dangers of open innovation -- 3.3 Steering "open innovation" projects as part of the development of artificial intelligence techniques -- 3.3.1 Strategic and responsible management -- 3.3.2 The attributes of strategic, responsible management -- 3.4 In a nutshell -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Management and AI: Myths and Realities 67 Gilles ROUET -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Paradigm shift in the business world -- 4.1.2 New management model -- 4.1.3 Mixing genres: intrusion of everyday technologies into the business world -- 4.2 Management in our digital environment -- 4.2.1 The contribution of digital technology to companies -- 4.2.2 Artificial intelligence -- 4.2.3 Analysis concepts for large databases -- 4.3 Humans and machines -- 4.3.1 Optimizing AI-based tools within companies -- 4.3.2 Putting people before AI in companies -- 4.3.3 Evolution of essential skills -- 4.3.4 And then... -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Part 3 Managing Healthcare with Artificial Intelligence -- Introduction to Part 3 85 Marianne SARAZIN -- Chapter 5 How to Bring the Medical World Out of the Pre-digital Age? 87 Marc SOLER -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Healthcare professionals' relationship with digital technology -- 5.2.1 Level of training of healthcare professionals -- 5.2.2 Technology and healthcare professionals -- 5.3 Creating a universal medical record: a utopia? -- 5.4 "Artificial intelligence" at the service of healthcare: the French government's position -- 5.5 The approach of technology suppliers? -- 5.6 IBM's Watson system: its history and application to the medical field -- 5.6.1 Concept -- 5.6.2 Oncology applications -- 5.6.3 An admission of failure -- 5.6.4 The clinician's point of view -- 5.6.5 Illustrative examples -- 5.6.6 The importance of source data -- 5.6.7 Conclusion -- 5.7 The role of start-ups -- 5.7.1 A few examples -- 5.7.2 Special case of BenevolentAI -- 5.8 Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Data Quality: A Major Challenge for AI in Healthcare 113 Marysa GERMAIN -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 From patient data to AI -- 6.2.1 The legal framework for processing medical data -- 6.2.2 The technological framework -- 6.2.3 The hospital's database management department: the DIM -- 6.2.4 Caregivers' views on the digitization of medical information -- 6.3 Data quality and consolidation -- 6.3.1 Medical data -- 6.3.2 Implementation of a continuous process of quality improvement -- Part 4 Aging with Artificial Intelligence -- Introduction to Part 4 135 Marianne SARAZIN -- Chapter 7 Proposed Method for Developing an Aging Score 137 Marianne SARAZIN -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Focus on the determinants of age-related frailty -- 7.3 Choice of marker variables to determine age -- 7.3.1 Rational marker selection based on expertise: an operational approach based on a literature review -- 7.3.2 Selection of markers using variables with values within normality limits -- 7.3.3 Conclusion -- 7.4 Choice of normal aging control population -- 7.4.1 Initial hypotheses defining the choice of the control population and the construction of the score -- 7.4.2 First approach: rational selection of the control population based on the literature -- 7.4.3 Second approach: selection of the control population by classification using the dynamic clustering method -- 7.4.4 Results -- 7.4.5 Conclusion -- 7.5 Mathematical modeling of the aging score -- 7.5.1 Initial concept -- 7.5.2 Calculating biological age from a control population sample -- 7.5.3 Conclusions -- 7.6 Calculating biological age: modeling dependence between marker variables using a Gaussian copula -- 7.6.1 Method -- 7.6.2 Source population -- 7.6.3 Results -- 7.6.4 Conclusions -- 7.7 Calculation of biological age for any population (using a Gaussian copula) -- 7.7.1 Method -- 7.7.2 Source population -- 7.7.3 Results -- 7.7.4 Conclusions -- 7.8 Perspectives on this work -- 7.8.1 Advantages and limitations of this work -- 7.8.2 Perspectives -- Chapter 8 Automatic Detection of Behavioral Changes in a Smart Home 179 Cyriak AZEFAC -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Definitions -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Attribute extraction -- 8.3.2 Unsupervised classification -- 8.3.3 Auto-encoder -- 8.3.4 Clustering -- 8.4 Case study: ARUBA -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Conclusion 191 Marianne SARAZIN -- References -- List of Authors -- Index.