Nanodiamonds in Analytical and Biological Sciences combines the disciplines of chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology to demonstrate the significance of nanodiamonds, offering precise analysis of the impacts and up-to-date applications of fluorescent and non-fluorescent nanodiamonds, including in COVID-19 and artificial intelligence, with illustrations, case studies, practical examples, and novel perspectives included throughout. Topics covered include: Fundamental properties, synthesis, mechanisms, and functionalization of nanodiamonds, and toxicity assessment; Fabrication and surface modification of fluorescent nanodiamonds and in vitro and in vivo bioimaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds; Nanodiamond-enabled drug delivery and nanodiamond for mass spectrometry-based analysis of peptides, proteins, and proteomes; Quantum sensing, applications in physico-chemical and biomedical sensing, and perspective and outlook on the future of nanodiamond research; and Nano-scale thermometry of fluorescent nanodiamonds and nanodiamond-enabled drug delivery.