Part I Light-Sensing Proteins -- 1 History and Perspectives of Light-Sensing Proteins (Hideki Kandori) -- 2 Biology of Light-Sensing Proteins in Plants and Microorganisms (Mineo Iseki and Tetsuo Takahashi) -- 3 Structure-Functional Analysis of Channelrhodopsins (Hideaki E. Kato, Ryuichiro Ishitani, and Osamu Nureki) -- 4 Photochemistry of Halorhodopsin (Takashi Kikukawa, Naoki Kamo, and Makoto Demura) -- 5 Molecular Mechanisms for Ion Transportation of Microbial Rhodopsins Studied by Light-Induced Difference FTIR Spectroscopy (Yuji Furutani) -- 6 Optogenetic Potentials of Diverse Animal Opsins (Akihisa Terakita, Takashi Nagata, Tomohiro Sugihara, and Mitsumasa Koyanagi) -- 7 Color Tuning in Retinylidene Proteins (Kota Katayama, Sivakumar Sekharan, and Yuki Sudo) -- Part II Optogenetics in Biological Systems -- 8 General Description: Future Prospects of Optogenetics (Hiromu Yawo, Ryo Egawa, Shoko Hososhima, and Lei Wen) -- 9 Optogenetic Manipulation and Probing (Masamichi Ohkuraand Junichi Nakai) -- 10 Probing Neuronal Activity Using Genetically Encoded Red Fluorescent Calcium Indicators (Takuya Sasaki) -- 11 Optogenetic Sensors for Monitoring Intracellular Chloride (Ken Berglund, Lei Wen, and George J. Augustine) -- 12 Optogenetic Imaging of Protein Activity in the Synapse by Using 2-photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (Hideji Murakoshi and Akihiro C E Shibata) -- 13 Optogenetics in Drosophila (Hiroshi Kohsaka and Akinao Nose) -- 14 Optogenetics in Caenorhabditis elegans (Yuki Tsukada and Ikue Mori) -- 15 Optogenetics Research Using the Mouse as a Model System (Kenji F. Tanaka) -- Part III Optogenetics in Neuroscience -- 16 Neuroscientific Frontline of Optogenetics (Akihiro Yamanaka) -- 17 Elucidation of Neuronal Circuitry Involved in the Regulation of Sleep/Wakefulness Using Optogenetics (Tomomi Tsunematsu and Akihiro Yamanaka) -- 18 Optogenetic Analysis of Striatal Connections to Determine Functional Connectomes (Nao Chuhma) -- 19 Potentialof Optogenetics for the Behavior Manipulation in Non-human Primates (Masaharu Kinoshita and Tadashi Isa) -- 20 Activity Regulation in the Study of Neural Plasticity (Shoji Komai) -- 21 Strategies to Probe Mechanoreception: From Mechanical to Optogenetic Approaches (Zhi-Gang Ji, Toru Ishizuka, and Hiromu Yawo) -- 22 Casting Light on the Role of Glial Cells in Brain Function (Ko Matsui) -- Part IV Medical Optogenetics -- 23 Towards Understanding the Neural Mechanism of Behavioral Phenotypes Seen in Psychiatric Disorders (Nobuhiro Nakai, Ofer Yizhar, and Toru Takumi) -- 24 Establishment of Gene Therapy Using Channelrhodopsin-2 to Treat Blindness (Eriko Sugano and Hiroshi Tomita) -- 25 Optogenetic Approaches to Restoring Intrinsic Visual Processing Features in Retinal Ganglion Cells (Zhuo-Hua Pan, Anding Bi, and Qi Lu) -- 26 On Optogenetic Tissue Engineering on Visual Cells: A Review on Its Development, Practices, and Application (Misato Ichise and Seigo Yamada) -- Part V Optogenetics andOpto-electronics -- 27 CMOS-based Neural Interface Device for Optogenetics (Takashi Tokuda, Toshihiko Noda, Kiyotaka Sasagawa, and Jun Ohta) -- 28 Use of Channelrhodopsin in the Development of Neuron-Network High-Throughput Screening Devices (Tsuneo Urisu) -- BM Index.