Part I. Role of Branched Chain Amino Acids in Healthy Individuals -- 1. Tolerability of leucine -- 2. Leucine-protein supplemented recovery and exercise -- 3. Use of whey and leucine on muscle -- 4. Branched chain amino acids and muscle atrophy protection -- 5. Role of branched chain amino acids in cellular and organ damage: the prognostic significance of the preoperative branched chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio -- Part II. Branched Chain Amino Acids: Status in Disease States -- 6. Branched chain amino acids in heart failure -- 7. Mitochondrial tRNA valine in cardiomyopathies -- 8. Branched chain amino acids on psychomotor performance -- 9. The branch chain amino acids in the context of other amino acids in traumatic brain injury -- 10. Branched chain amino acids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- Part III. Branched Chain Amino Acids and Liver Diseases -- 11. Identification of branched chain amino acids; underlying molecular pathways using transcriptomic analysis: application to cirrhosis -- 12. Branched chain amino acids supplementation and plasma albumin -- 13. Late evening snack, branched chain amino acids and cirrhosis -- 14. Branched chain amino acids and organ transplantation -- 15. Basic aspects in prevention of post-transplant bacteremia by branched chain amino acids -- 16. Branched chain amino acids and postoperative quality of life -- Part IV. Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Studies in Certain Patient Populations -- 17. Leucine-protein functional adaptation in the clinical setting -- 18. Branched chain amino acids supplementation and glycemic control -- 19. Leucine supplementation and insulin resistance -- 20. Weight loss and branched chain amino acids and their metabolites -- 21. Branched chain amino acid cocktails and skin -- 22. Branched chain amino acids in inherited muscle disease: the case of Duchhene muscular dystrophy -- 23. Use of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) during radiotherapy -- 24. Oral branch chain amino acids and encephalopathy -- 25. Web based resources, and suggested readings.