Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Referees -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- I.1 Aimsand Structure of the Book -- I.2 Definitionand History of Soil Micromorphology -- I.3 Micromorphology and Archaeology -- I.4 Useof Micromorphology in Geoarchaeology -- I.5 Techniques -- I.6 ConcludingRemarks -- References -- Part I Inclusions in Archaeological Soils and Sediments -- Chapter 1 Bone and Other Skeletal Tissues -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Micromorphology -- 1.3 Taphonomy of Bone -- 1.4 Guidelines for Micromorphological Analysis -- References -- Chapter 2 Avian Eggshell -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biological Characteristics -- 2.3 Optical and Morphological Properties -- 2.4 Examples -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Mollusc Shell -- 3.1 Biological Characteristics -- 3.2 Optical and Morphological Properties -- 3.3 Examples -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Biospheroids Produced by Earthworms -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Morphological and Optical Characteristics -- 4.3 Preservation Potential -- 4.4 Archaeological Examples -- 4.5 Arion Granules -- References -- Chapter 5 Faecal Spherulites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biological Characteristics -- 5.3 Optical Characteristics -- 5.4 Preservation Potential -- 5.5 Archaeological Examples -- References -- Chapter 6 Excrements of Herbivores -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Micromorphology -- 6.3 Taphonomy -- References -- Chapter 7 Excrements of Omnivores and Carnivores -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Excrements of Omnivores -- 7.3 Excrements of Carnivores -- 7.4 Human Excrements -- 7.5 Future Research -- References -- Chapter 8 Guano -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Micromorphology -- 8.3 Archaeological Implications -- 8.4 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9 Ova of Intestinal Parasites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Characteristics of Specific Parasite Eggs.

9.3 Limitations of the Study of Helminth Eggs in Micromorphological Thin Sections -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Earth Construction Materials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Mud Bricks -- 10.3 Cob -- 10.4 Wattle and Daub -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Laterite as Construction Material -- References -- Chapter 12 Turf as Construction Material -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Micromorphology -- References -- Chapter 13 Plant Remains -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Micromorphology -- 13.3 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 14 Chaff -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Micromorphology -- 14.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Charred Plant Remains -- References -- Chapter 16 Coal -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Types of Coal (after Read 1971) -- 16.3 Optical and Morphological Properties -- 16.4 Alteration of Coal by Burning -- 16.5 Archaeological Examples -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17 Plant Ash -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Micromorphology -- 17.3 Ash Taphonomy -- References -- Chapter 18 Opal Phytoliths -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Micromorphology -- 18.3 Brief Review of Previous Micromorphological Studies Reporting Phytoliths -- 18.4 Deposition and Accumulation in Archaeological Units -- References -- Chapter 19 Siliceous Microfossils from Single-Celled Organisms: Diatoms and Chrysophycean Stomatocysts -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Habitat Preferences of Diatoms and Chrysophycean Cysts -- 19.3 Identification of Siliceous Microfossils produced by Single-Celled Organisms -- 19.4 Siliceous Microfossils from Single-Celled Organisms in Archaeological Soil Micromorphology -- References -- Chapter 20 Opal Sponge Spicules -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Micromorphology -- References -- Chapter 21 Burnt Soils and Sediments -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Physical, Chemical, Mineralogical and Micromorphological Changes.

21.3 Experiments at Different Temperature Regimes -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 22 Burnt Carbonates -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Thermal Diagenesis of Carbonate Materials -- 22.3 Carbonate Materials from Different Temperature Regimes -- 22.4 Archaeological Examples -- 22.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 23 Calcareous Mortars, Plasters and Floors -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Micromorphology -- 23.3 Alteration of Mortars and Plasters -- 23.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 24 Gypsic Mortars and Plasters -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Micromorphology -- 24.3 Alteration -- 24.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 25 Ceramic Materials -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Micromorphology -- 25.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 26 Metals and Metalworking Residues -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Micromorphology -- 26.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 27 Lithic Artefacts -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Micromorphology -- 27.3 Discussion -- References -- Part II Current Topics in Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology -- Chapter 28 Soils Disturbed by Vegetation Clearance and Tillage -- 28.1 Introduction -- 28.2 Micromorphological Features related to Vegetation Clearance by Fire -- 28.3 Micromorphological Features Indicative of Bare Surfaces -- 28.4 Micromorphology of Structural and Textural Features Revealing the use of Implements -- 28.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 29 Animal Gathering Enclosures -- 29.1 Introduction -- 29.2 Organic-Rich Dung Deposits -- 29.3 Organic-Poor Dung Deposits -- 29.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 30 Trampling, Poaching and the Effect of Traffic -- 30.1 Introduction -- 30.2 Trampling -- 30.3 Poaching -- 30.4 Traffic -- 30.5 Experimentally Trampled Sediments and Surfaces -- 30.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 31 Combustion Features -- 31.1 Introduction.

31.2 Classification of Combustion Features -- 31.3 Analytical Strategy -- 31.4 Common Microscopic Products of Combustion -- 31.5 Stratigraphy, Fabric and Classification of Intact Combustion Structures -- 31.6 Stratigraphy and Fabric of Physically Reworked Combustion Structures -- 31.7 Microscopic Evidence for Chemical Diagenesis of Intact and Reworked Combustion Structures -- 31.8 Synthesis -- 31.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 32 European Dark Earth -- 32.1 Introduction -- 32.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures -- 32.3 Features Associated with Natural Formation Processes -- 32.4 Features Associated with Human Activities -- 32.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 33 Amazonian Dark Earths -- 33.1 Introduction -- 33.2 Sampling Considerations -- 33.3 Soil Micromorphology of ADEs -- 34.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 34 Cave and Rock Shelter Sediments -- 34.1 Introduction -- 34.2 Common Microfabrics from Rock Shelter and Cave Sites -- 34.3 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Additional Techniques -- Chapter 35 Sampling for Soil Micromorphology -- 35.1 Introduction -- 35.2 Sampling Strategy -- 35.3 Taking Samples in the Field -- 35.4 Labelling -- 35.5 Transport and Preservation -- References -- Chapter 36 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 36.1 Principles of the Analytical Method -- 36.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure -- 36.3 Applications in Archaeology -- 36.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 37 Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) -- 37.1 Principles of the Analytical Method -- 37.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure -- 37.3 Archaeological Applications -- References -- Chapter 38 Isotope Mass Spectrometry (On Microdrilled Powders) -- 38.1 Principles of the Analytical Method -- 38.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure -- 38.3 Archaeological Applications -- 38.4 Concluding Remarks -- References.

Chapter 39 FTIR Microscopy -- 39.1 Principles of the Analytical Method -- 39.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure -- 39.3 Archaeological Applications -- References -- Chapter 40 X-ray Microdiffraction -- 40.1 Fundamentals of X-ray Diffraction -- 40.2 XRD Instrumentation -- 40.3 Output and Analysis -- 40.4 Applications to Archaeological Micromorphology Samples -- 40.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 41 Micro XRF -- 41.1 Principles of the Analytical Method -- 41.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure -- 41.3 Archaeological Applications -- 41.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 42 Micro-CT Scanning -- 42.1 Principles of the Analytical Method -- 42.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures -- 42.3 Archaeological Applications -- 42.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 43 Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (SEM-EPMA) Techniques -- 43.1 Principles of the Techniques -- 43.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis -- 43.3 Archaeological Applications -- References -- 44 Reflected Light -- 44.1 Principles of the Analytical Method -- 44.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure -- 44.3 Archaeological Applications -- References -- Index -- EULA.