From the founding of the Ming dynasty in 1368 to the start of the Opium Wars in 1841, China has engaged in only two large-scale conflicts with its principal neighbors: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. These four territorial and centralized states have otherwise fostered peaceful and long-lasting relationships with one another, and as each has grown more powerful, the atmosphere around them has stabilized. Focusing on the role of the ""tribute system"" in maintaining stability in East Asia and in fostering diplomatic and commercial exchange, Kang contrasts this history against the examp.