Foreword -- Shifting demographics and regional disparities -- Access issues -- Ending stockouts -- Improved formulations and optimal dosing -- Deficient and counterfeit products -- Knowledge gaps in pregnancy and lactation -- Factors enabling improved therapy -- Regulatory science -- Human resource planning -- Information and communications technology -- Pharmaceutical care -- Networks (GRIP, INRUD, MSH, PTN,MYCRN, IABMC) -- Research challenges -- Research standards for clinical trials in low and middle income countries -- Innovative appropriate trial methods -- Nutrition/micronutrients -- Impact on therapeutic outcomes -- Drug safety and pharmaco-epidemiology -- Personalized treatment and Pharmacogenomics -- Neglected diseases -- Health outcomes and economics -- Enhanced industry engagement -- Incorporating social science perspectives -- Clinical settings -- Treatment in the community -- Treatment at the district hospital level -- Care of the critically ill child -- Palliative care and pain management. - Conclusion -- The light at the end of the tunnel: future directions.