The Dual Problem of Obesity and Diabetes: Old Problems Die Hard -- Cost of Obesity Recurrence -- Recent Trends in Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery -- Perspectives of Robotic Bariatric Surgery -- Sleeve Gastrectomy and Transit Bipartition -- Surgical Options in Type 2 Diabetes -- Endoscopic Therapeutic Options for Type 2 Diabetes -- Ileal Transposition Surgery: Mechanisms of Weight Loss and Diabetes Improvements -- Left Gastric Artery Embolization to Treat Obesity: Rationale, Technique, Experimental and Clinical Studies -- Pharmacologic Approach to Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Patients -- Peripheral Signals and Food Intake Control -- Appetite-Inhibiting Properties of Proteins -- Cell Therapy for Diabetes -- Stem Cells Derived Insulin-Secreting Cells for Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Exploiting Laboratory Discoveries.