Introduction: What is Machine Learning -- Computational Learning Theory -- Overview of Supervised Learning Methods -- Overview of Unsupervised Learning Methods -- Performance Evaluation -- Variety of Applications in Radiation Oncology -- Machine Learning for Quality Assurance: Quality Assurance as a Learning Problem -- Detection of Radiotherapy Errors Using Unsupervised Learning -- Prediction of Radiotherapy Errors Using Supervised Learning -- Machine Learning for Computer-Aided Detection: Detection of Cancer Lesions from Imaging -- Classification of Malignant and Benign Tumours -- Machine Learning for Treatment Planning and Delivery -- Image-guided Radiotherapy with Machine Learning: IMRT Optimization Using Machine Learning -- Treatment Assessment Tools -- Machine Learning for Motion Management: Prediction of Respiratory Motion -- Motion-Correction Using Learning Methods -- Machine Learning Application in 4D-CT -- Machine Learning Application in Dynamic Delivery -- Machine Learning for Outcomes Modeling: Bioinformatics of Treatment Response -- Modelling of Norma Tissue Complication Probabilities (NTCP) -- Modelling of Tumour Control Probability (TCP).