Introduction to Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Monitoring -- History of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Monitoring -- Drawbacks of Heart Rate Variability Analysis and Application of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Monitoring -- Validation and General Evaluation of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Monitoring -- Autonomic (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic) Assessment -- Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Testing -- Interpreting Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Results -- Possible Therapy Options -- Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy: Risk Factor or Risk Indicator -- Normal Data -- Medical Specialties' View of Autonomic System Measurements -- The Progression of Autonomic Dysfunction in Chronic Disease -- Autonomic Dysfunction versus Neuropathy -- General Autonomic Disorders -- Geriatrics -- Depression -- Gastroenterology -- Arrhythmia -- Heart Diseases -- Hypertension -- Diabetes -- Other Diseases in Endocrinology -- Dizziness -- Pain Management -- Sleep -- General Neurology -- Pulmonology -- Pediatrics -- Critical Care -- Sample Case Studies -- Example of Longitudinal Studies -- Summary: General Applications of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Monitoring.