Part 1. Introduction -- 1. Historical review and current application of transforaminal lumbar endoscopy -- 2. Clinical presentations of the lumbar disc herniation and stenosis -- 3. Radiologic evaluations of the lumbar disc herniation and stenosis -- 4. Anatomical considerations of the lumbar spine for transforaminal access -- 5. Setting of operation room and patient position -- 6. Equipments and instruments for endoscopic spine surgery -- 7. Anesthetic considerations of the transforaminal endoscopy -- 8. Preoperative planning and technical considerations of transforaminal endoscopy -- Part 2, Transforaminal endoscopy for lumbar disc disease -- 1. Paramedian contained disc herniation -- 2. Paramedian migrated disc herniation -- 3. Endoscopic effort to overcome anatomical barriers at L5/S1 level -- 4. Foraminal disc herniation -- 5. Various other disc herniations -- 6. Endoscopic annuloplasty for discogenic back pain -- Part 3. Transforaminal endoscopy for lumbar spinal stenosis -- 1. Lateral recess stenosis -- 2. Foraminal stenosis -- 3. Lumbar foraminal stenosis combined with disc herniation -- Part 4. Complication and its management -- 1. Incomplete removal of herniated disc and recurred disc -- 2. Infection -- 3. Hematoma -- 4. Dural tear -- Part 5. Surgical technique chapter -- Part 6 . General introduction or non-surgical chapter.