1 Introduction to Ethical innovation for global health: pandemic, democracy and ethics in research. Part 1 Relevant constructions from a middle-income country (MIC) and/or non-Western paradigms: Brazil, South Africa, Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan -- 2 Democracy restoration in Brazil, the constitutional guarantee of health as a right for all, giving rise to a universal health system (SUS) and of a National Research Ethics Commission -- 3 Equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine research and Vaccine Apartheid on the African continent: challenges and recommendations -- 4 Response to Covid-19 pandemic and Ethical Innovations in Taiwan -- 5 Between truth and profit: Scientific misconduct case of human cloned embryonic stem cell and revisiting cases during COVID-19 pandemic -- 6 Therapeutic misconception as the basis for vaccine nationalism of Japan: a historical reflection and perspectives for global public health -- Part 2 Historical and international perspectives on the development of ethical principles in research involving humans -- 7 The Declaration of Helsinki as a living document: Revisiting its principles in a global pandemic -- 8 Hidden Medical War Crimes and the Emergence of Bioethics in Japan -- 9 From Nuremberg to Helsinki: Historicizing the Codification of Post-War Research Ethics -- 10 CIOMS research guidelines: Considering the needs of developing countries -- 11 Ethics of placebo-controlled trial: historical analysis including the experience of COVID-19 pandemic -- 12 Post-trial access: historical analysis considering the experience of COVID-19 pandemic -- 13 Our "WMA Declaration of Helsinki": opinions and pro-posals from patient and public for research ethics -- Part 3 Alternative frameworks for innovation and drug development strategies -- 14 Medicines development for global health: Learning from COVID-19 vaccines R&D -- 15 Development of portfolios and pipelines of drugs for the treatment, prevention and control of neglected tropicaldiseases -- 16 Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) and pharmaceutical development through Open Innovation Processes ~ recent activities.