1. Introduction -- 2. The Brain as an Organ -- 3. Life Cycle -- 4. Reactive Microglia and Astrocyte Phenotype Transitions. 5. Transition of Microglia to Reactive States -- 6. Reactive Astrocytes -- 7. Neuroinflammation -- 8. The Brain and the Immune System -- 9. Viral and Bacterial Infections -- 10. Autoimmune Reactions -- 11. Adult Glial Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis -- 12. Glioma -- 13. Neurodegenerative Disorders -- 14. Vascular Diseases -- 15. Seizures -- 16. Traumatic Brain Injury -- 17. Major Psychiatric Disorders -- 18. Glia in Recovery Processes and Repair -- 19. Glial Phenotype Plasticity.