pt. 1. Overview and concept of closed plant production system (CPPS) -- Introduction -- Role of the plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL) in urban areas -- PFAL business and R & D in Asia and North America : Status and perspectives -- Vertical faming in Europe : Present status and outlook -- Plant factory as a resource-efficient closed plant production system -- Micro- and mini-PFALs for improving the quality of life in urban areas -- Rooftop plant production systems in urban areas -- pt. 2. Basics of physics and physiology -- Environments and their effects -- Light sources -- Plant responses to light -- LED advancements for plant-factory artificial lighting -- Physical environmental factors and their properties -- Photosynthesis and respiration -- Growth, development, transpiration, and translocation as affected by abiotic environmental factors -- Nutrition and nutrient uptake in soilless culture systems -- Tipburn -- Functional components in leafy vegetables -- Medicinal components -- Production of pharmaceuticals in a specially designed plant factory -- pt. 3. System design, construction, cultivation and management -- Plant production process, floor plan, and layout of PFAL -- Hydroponic systems -- Seeding, seedling production and transplanting -- Transplant production in closed systems -- Photoautotrophic micropropagation -- Biological factor management -- Design and management of PFALs -- Automated technology in plant factories with artificial lighting -- Life cycle assessment -- Education, training, and business workshops and forums on plant factories -- pt. 4. PFALs in operation and its perspectives -- Selected PFALs in the United States, the Netherlands, and China -- Selected PFALs in Japan -- Representative plant factories in Taiwan -- Challenges for the next-generation PFALs -- Conclusions : Resource-saving and resource-consuming characteristics of PFALs.