ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, CONGENITAL DEFECTS, and DISEASE. - The anatomy and function of the atrioventricular valves -- The anatomy and function of the semilunar valves -- Congenital heart defects that include cardiac valve abnormalities -- Acquired valve disease and processes -- Complex repair of CHD requiring conduits OR valve replacement outside of the ROSS procedure -- VALVE REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT -- Heart valve disease -- History of heart valve repair -- The Ross Procedure -- The Use of Echocardiographic imaging of Valves -- Advanced 3D imaging (CT and MRI) and transcatheter valve repair/ implantation -- Transcatheter mitral repair and replacement -- Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: the first transcatheter valve -- Transcatheter aortic valve implantation -- Post TAVR PCI -- Complex Procedures in TAV, SAV, HARPOON, BASILICA w/ case studies -- Tissue engineered heart valves -- New trends for valve replacement like the Ozaki procedure -- Post-operative management of valves: On-X valve inpost anticoagulation management -- TESTING, REGULATORY and TRAINING ISSUES -- In vitro testing of heart valve substitutes -- Numerical methods for design and evaluation of prosthetic heart valves -- Animal models for cardiac valve research -- The use of isolated heart models and anatomic specimens as means to enhance the design and testing of cardiac valve therapies -- Successful development and regulatory approval of replacement cardiac valves -- Clinical trial requirements for cardiac valves -- Virtual Prototyping and 3D Printing For Simulation -- Computational Modeling, Validation, Verification and Uncertainty: Device simulation in Valvular Anatomies -- Procedural Training and Education: Mixed Realities.