1. Historical and emerging themes / Kevin L. Williams -- 2. Endotoxin relevance and control overview / Kevin L. Williams -- 3. Fever and the host response / Kevin L. Williams -- 4. Endotoxin structure, function, and activity / Kevin L. Williams -- 5. Descent of Limulus : arthropoda and the new biology / Kevin L. Williams -- 6. Microbial biodiversity and lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity : from static to dynamic models / Kevin L. Williams -- 7. Nonendotoxin microbial pyrogens : lesser endotoxins and superantigens / Kevin L. Williams -- 8. Risk assessment in parenteral manufacture / Edward Tidswell -- 9. Endotoxin as a standard / Kevin L. Williams -- 10. Limulus amebocyte lysate discovery, mechanism, and application / Kevin L. Williams -- 11. Limulus amebocyte lysate assay development, validation, and regulation / Kevin L. Williams -- 12. The pyrogen test / Karen J. Roberts -- 13. Pyrogenicity case studies / James F. Cooper and Kevin L. Williams -- 14. Developing specifications for active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, raw materials, sterile pharmacy compounds, and nutritional supplements / James F. Cooper and Kevin L. Williams -- 15. Depyrogenation validation, pyroburden, and endotoxin removal / Kevin L. Williams -- 16. Automation, process analytical technology, and prospective testing / Kevin L. Williams -- 17. Limulus amebocyte lysate testing of medical devices / Peter S. Lee -- 18. Receptors, mediators, and mechanisms involved in bacterial sepsis and septic shock / Edwin S. Van Amersfoort and Johan Kuiper.