In the 1940s and 1950s, biology was transformed by physicists and physical chemists, who employed simple yet powerful concepts and engaged the powers of genetics to infer mechanisms of biological processes. The biological sciences borrowed from the physical sciences the notion of building intuitive, testable, and physically realistic models by reducing the complexity of biological systems to the components essential for studying the problem at hand. Molecular biology was born. A similar migration of physical scientists and of methods of physical sciences into biology has been occurring in the decade following the complete sequencing of the human genome, whose discrete character and similarity to natural language has additionally facilitated the application of the techniques of modern computer science. Furthermore, the vast amount of genomic data spawned by the sequencing projects has led to the development and application of statistical methods for making sense of this data. The sheer amount of data at the genome scale that is available to us today begs for descriptions that go beyond simple models of the function of a single gene to embrace a systemlevel understanding of large sets of genes functioning in unison. It is no longer sufficient to understand how a single gene mutation causes a change in its product's biochemical function, although this is in many cases still an important problem. It is now possible to address how the consequences of a mutation might reverberate through the interconnected system of genes and their products within the cell-- Provided by publisher.