Preface This book is a product of the New Vision 400 (NV400) conference held in Beijing in October 2008 in conjunction with the widely celebrated 400th anniversary of the invention of the telescope in 1608 by Hans Lipperhey (see http://nv400.uchicago.edu/). Like the conference, this book emphasizes the effects of technology on society and the origin of our understanding of a number of deep questions that arise out of scientific research, specifically astronomy and our knowledge of the cosmos. Looking beyond science questions to the role of moral responsibility in human civilizations, this volume offers the unique vantage points of contributions from both Eastern and Western cultures, which often differ dramatically in worldview and in knowledge. A Chinese-language edition of this book, to be published by Peking University Press, is also planned. Part I focuses on the general theme of creativity and technology in scientific--particularly astronomical--discovery and is based on presentations that were primarily aimed at young people at the public event preceding the NV400 conference. These discussions will be accessible to many readers regardless of their technical training. The editors structured the specific topics covered in Parts II through V around selected examples of well-recognized areas of astronomical knowledge, modern challenges, new technologies, and historical impact. The book concludes with Part VI, an investigation of big questions: What is the origin of the laws of physics as we know them? Why do these specific laws exist? Are these laws the same everywhere? How do these scientific laws relate to the moral laws of society? Does what we know depend on cultural ways of asking the questions?-- Provided by publisher.