part Introduction -- chapter 1 Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Superfamily -- chapter 2 Phosphodiesterase Isoforms—An Annotated List -- part Section A. Specific Phosphodiesterase Families-Regulation, Molecular and Biochemical Characteristics -- chapter 3 Calmodulin-Stimulated Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases -- chapter 4 PDE2 Structure and Functions -- chapter 5 Phosphodiesterase 3B: An Important Regulator of Energy Homeostasis -- chapter 6 Cellular Functions of PDE4 Enzymes -- chapter 7 Phosphodiesterase 5: Molecular Characteristics Relating to Structure, Function, and Regulation -- chapter 8 Photoreceptor Phosphodiesterase (PDE6): A G-Protein-Activated PDE Regulating Visual Excitation in Rod and Cone Photoreceptor Cells -- chapter 9 PDE7 -- chapter 10 cAMP-Phosphodiesterase 8 Family -- chapter 11 PDE9 -- chapter 12 PDE10A: A Striatum-Enriched, Dual-Substrate Phosphodiesterase -- chapter 13 PDE11 -- part Section B. Nonmammalian Phosphodiesterases -- chapter 14 Protozoal Phosphodiesterases -- chapter 15 Studies of Phosphodiesterase Function Using Fruit Fly Genomics and Transgenics -- part Section C. Phosphodiesterases Functional Significance: Gene-Targeted Knockout Strategies -- chapter 16 Insights into the Physiological Functions of PDE4 from Knockout Mice -- chapter 17 Regulation of cAMP Level by PDE3B—Physiological Implications in Energy Balance and Insulin Secretion -- part Section D. Compartmentation in Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling -- chapter 18 Heart Failure, Fibrosis, and Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Cardiac Fibroblasts -- chapter 19 Role of A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins in the Compartmentation in Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling -- chapter 20 Role of Phosphodiesterases in Cyclic Nucleotide Compartmentation in Cardiac Myocytes -- part Section E. Phosphodiesterases as Pharmacological Targets in Disease Processes -- chapter 21 Role of PDEs in Vascular Health and Disease: Endothelial PDEs and Angiogenesis -- chapter 22 Regulation of PDE Expression in Arteries: Role in Controlling Vascular Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling -- chapter 23 Regulation and Function of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases in Vascular Smooth Muscle and Vascular Diseases -- chapter 24 Role of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases in Heart Failure and Hypertension -- chapter 25 Molecular Determinants in Pulmonary Hypertension: The Role of PDE5 -- chapter 26 Role of PDE5 in Migraine -- chapter 27 Phosphodiesterase-4 as a Pharmacological Target Mediating Antidepressant and Cognitive Effects on Behavior -- chapter 28 Role of Phosphodiesterases in Apoptosis -- part Section F. Development of Specific Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents -- chapter 29 Crystal Structure of Phosphodiesterase Families and the Potential for Rational Drug Design -- chapter 30 Structure, Catalytic Mechanism, and Inhibitor Selectivity of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases -- chapter 31 Bench to Bedside: Multiple Actions of the PDE3 Inhibitor Cilostazol -- chapter 32 Reinventing the Wheel: Nonselective Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases -- chapter 33 Medicinal Chemistry of PDE4 Inhibitors.