1. Background -- 2. Conventional statistics -- 3. Statistics used in adaptive clinical trials -- 4. Specific requirements for adaptive trials -- 5. Adaptive randomization and allocation -- 6. Sample size reestimation -- 7. Traditional dosing -- 8. Adaptive dosing -- 9. Interim analysis and adaptive termination of study and study arms -- 10. Adaptive changes in study design and decision rules -- 11. Seamless designs and adaptive clinical trial conduct -- 12. Analysis and interpretation of results.