chapter 1. Graphene : synthesis, properties, and applications / Zongbin Zhao and Jieshan Qiu -- chapter 2. Fullerene C60 architectures in materials science / Francesco Scarel and Aurelio Mateo-Alonso -- chapter 3. Graphite whiskers, cones, and polyhedral crystals / Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi -- chapter 4. Epitaxial graphene and carbon nanotubes on silicon carbide / Goknur C. Buke -- chapter 5. Cooperative interaction, crystallization, and properties of polymer-carbon nanotube nanocomposites / Eric D. Laird, Matthew A. Hood and Christopher Y. Li -- chapter 6. Carbon nanotube biosensors / Mei Zhang, Pingang He, and Liming Dai -- chapter 7. Carbon nanostructures in biomedical applications / Masoud Golshadi and Michael G. Schrlau -- chapter 8. Field emission from carbon nanotubes / Peng-Xiang Hou, Chang Liu, and Hui-Ming Cheng -- chapter 9. Nanocrystalline diamond / Alexander Vul', Marina Baidakova, and Artur Dideikin -- chapter 10. Carbon onions / Yuriy Butenko, Lidija Siller, and Michael R. C. Hunt -- chapter 11. Carbide-derived carbons / Yair Korenblit and Gleb Yushin -- chapter 12. Templated and ordered mesoporous carbons / Pasquale F. Fulvio, Joanna Gorka, Richard T. Mayes, and Sheng Dai -- chapter 13. Oxidation and purification of carbon nanostructures / Sebastian Osswald and Bastian J. M. Etzold -- chapter 14. Hydrothermal synthesis of nano-carbons / Masahiro Yoshimura and Jaganathan Senthilnathan -- chapter 15. Carbon nanomaterials for water desalination by capacitive deionization / P. Maarten Biesheuvel, Slawomir Porada, Albert van der Wal, and Volker Presser -- chapter 16. Carbon nanotubes for photoinduced energy conversion applications / Ge Peng, Sushant Sahu, Mohammed J. Meziani, Li Cao, Yamin Liu, and Ya-Ping Sun.