1. Porosomes : the universal secretory portals in cells : a brief essay / Bhanu P. Jena -- 2. The hair cell porosome : molecular and synaptic implications / Dennis G. Drescher -- 3. The neuronal porosome complex in mammalian brain : a study using electron microscopy / Mzia G. Zhvania, Nadezhda J. Japaridze, Mariam G. Qsovreli, Vera G. Okuneva, Arkadi G. Surmava, and Tamar G. Lordkipanidze -- 4. Granule size distribution suggests mechanism : the case for granule growth and elimination as a fusion nano-machine / Ilan Hammel and Isaac Meilijson -- 5. Probing protein assembly, biomineralization, and biomolecular interactions by atomic force microscopy / Kang Rae Cho and James J. De Yoreo -- 6. High-resolution imaging of amylin aggregation and internalization in pancreatic cells : implications in health and disease / Saurabh Trikha, Sanghamitra Singh, and Aleksandar M. Jeremic -- 7. Repair of nanodefects in a two-dimensional crystal anticoagulant shield in the antiphospholipid syndrome : novel molecular strategies assessed by atomic force microscopy / Douglas J. Taatjes, Anthony S. Quinn, Xiao-Xuan Wu, Han-Mou Tsai, and Jacob H. Rand -- 8. A novel approach to study molecular evolution : detection of ancestral conformation hidden in present-day proteins using antibody as nanostructure probes / Jian-Ping Jin -- 9. mRNA nanomachines and stress reprogramming following brain ischemia / Donald J. DeGracia, Jill T. Jamison, Manupreet Chawla, Monique K. Lewis, Michelle Smith, and Jeffery J. Szymanski -- 10. Physical properties and biomedical applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles / Gavin Lawes, Ratna Naik, and Prem Vaishnava -- 11. Atomic force microscopy imaging of DNA delivery nanosystems / Yi Zou, David Oupicky, and Guangzhao Mao -- 12. Impedance spectroscopy for characterization of biological function / Brian C. Riggs, Janet L. Paluh, G.E. Plopper, and Douglas B. Chrisey.