Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Contents; Preface; Chapter 1 Types of Data; 1.1 Categorical Data; 1.2 Numerical Data; 1.3 Level of Measurement; 1.4 Crossâ#x80;#x90;Sectional, Timeâ#x80;#x90;Series, and Panel Data; 1.5 Summary; Chapter 2 Populations and Samples; 2.1 What is the Population of Interest?; 2.2 How to Sample From a Population?; 2.2.1 Simple Random Sampling; 2.2.2 Stratified Sampling; 2.2.3 Other Methods; 2.3 Getting the Data; 2.4 Summary; Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics; 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency; 3.1.1 The Mean; 3.1.2 The Median; 3.1.3 The Mode; 3.2 Measures of Variability.

3.2.1 Variance and Standard Deviation3.3 The Shape; 3.4 Summary; Technical Appendix; Chapter 4 Probability; 4.1 Simple Probabilities; 4.1.1 When to Add Probabilities Together; 4.1.2 When to Find Intersections; 4.2 Empirical Probabilities; 4.3 Conditional Probabilities; 4.4 Summary; Technical Appendix; Chapter 5 The Normal Distribution; 5.1 The Bell Shape; 5.2 The Empirical Rule; 5.3 Standard Normal Distribution; 5.3.1 Probabilities with Continuous Distributions; 5.3.2 Verifying the Empirical Rule Using the zâ#x80;#x90;table; 5.4 Normal Approximations; 5.4.1 Mean; 5.4.2 Standard deviation; 5.4.3 Shape.

5.5 SummaryTechnical Appendix; Chapter 6 Sampling Distributions; 6.1 Defining a Sampling Distribution; 6.2 The Importance of Sampling Distributions; 6.3 An Example of a Sampling Distribution; 6.4 Characteristics of a Sampling Distribution of a Mean; 6.4.1 The Mean; 6.4.2 The Shape; 6.4.3 The Standard Deviation; 6.4.4 Finding Probabilities With a Sampling Distribution; 6.5 Sampling Distribution of a Proportion; 6.5.1 The Mean; 6.5.2 The Shape; 6.5.3 The Standard Deviation; 6.6 Summary; Technical Appendix; Chapter 7 Confidence Intervals; 7.1 Confidence Intervals for Means.

7.1.1 The Characteristics of the Sampling Distribution7.1.2 Confidence Intervals Using the zâ#x80;#x90;Distribution; 7.1.3 Confidence Intervals Using the tâ#x80;#x90;Distribution; 7.2 Confidence Intervals for Proportions; 7.3 Sample Size and the Width of Confidence Intervals; 7.4 Comparing Two Proportions From the Same Poll; 7.5 Summary; Technical Appendix; Chapter 8 Hypothesis Tests of a Population Mean; 8.1 Twoâ#x80;#x90;Tail Hypothesis Test of a Mean; 8.1.1 A Single Sample from a Population; 8.1.2 Setting Up the Null and Alternative Hypothesis; 8.1.3 Decisions and Errors; 8.1.4 Rejection Regions and Conclusions.

8.1.5 Changing the Level of Significance8.2 Oneâ#x80;#x90;Tail Hypothesis Test of a Mean; 8.2.1 Setting Up the Null and Alternative Hypotheses; 8.2.2 Rejection Regions and Conclusions; 8.3 pâ#x80;#x90;Value Approach to Hypothesis Tests; 8.3.1 Oneâ#x80;#x90;Tail Tests; 8.3.2 Twoâ#x80;#x90;tail tests; 8.4 Summary; Technical Appendix; Chapter 9 Hypothesis Tests of Categorical Data; 9.1 Twoâ#x80;#x90;Tail Hypothesis Test of a Proportion; 9.1.1 A Single Sample from a Population; 9.1.2 Rejection Regions and Conclusions; 9.2 Oneâ#x80;#x90;Tail Hypothesis Test of a Proportion; 9.3 Using pâ#x80;#x90;Values; 9.3.1 Oneâ#x80;#x90;Tail Tests Using the pâ#x80;#x90;Value.

9.3.2 Twoâ#x80;#x90;Tail Tests Using the pâ#x80;#x90;Value.