Foreword -- About the Author -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Signals, Receivers, and Antennas -- 1.1 Random Variables, Real and Complex -- 1.1.1 Definitions -- 1.1.2 Operations -- 1.1.3 Normal Random Variables -- 1.1.4 The Arc Sine Law -- 1.2 Stochastic Processes -- 1.2.1 Stationarity -- 1.2.2 Correlation and Power -- 1.2.3 Jointly Normal Processes -- 1.2.4 Spectral Densities -- 1.2.5 Linear Systems -- 1.2.6 Time Averaging or Integration -- 1.3 Analytic Signals -- 1.3.1 Hilbert Transform and Quadrature Filter -- 1.3.2 Complex Envelope -- 1.3.3 Correlation and Spectra -- 1.4 Phasors of Random Signals -- 1.4.1 Concept -- 1.4.2 Power and Cross-correlation -- 1.4.3 Linear Systems -- 1.5 Microwave Networks -- 1.5.1 Voltage and Current -- 1.5.2 Normalized Voltage Waves -- 1.5.3 Available Power -- 1.5.4 S-parameters and Power Gains -- 1.5.5 Noise Waves and Temperature -- 1.5.6 Interconnection -- 1.5.7 Two-port Networks -- 1.5.8 Cascade -- 1.5.9 High Gain Receiver -- 1.5.10 The Bosma Theorem -- 1.6 Antennas -- 1.6.1 Radiated Electric Field and Power Density -- 1.6.2 Antenna Pattern and Directivity -- 1.6.3 Antenna Polarization -- 1.6.4 Thermal Noise Radiation -- 1.6.5 Received Signal -- 1.6.6 Phase Center -- 1.6.7 Polarization Misalignment -- 1.6.8 Transmission Link -- 1.6.9 Reciprocity -- 1.6.10 Other Definitions -- 1.6.11 Antenna Loss -- References -- 2 Microwave Radiometry -- 2.1 Thermal Emission -- 2.1.1 Emissivity and Brightness Temperature -- 2.1.2 Planck and Rayleigh-Jeans Laws -- 2.2 Polarization -- 2.2.1 Stokes Parameters and Polarimetric Brightness Temperature -- 2.2.2 Change of Polarization Frame -- 2.2.3 Linear Axis Rotation -- 2.2.4 Horizontal and Vertical Polarization -- 2.2.5 Circular Polarization -- 2.3 Antenna Temperature -- 2.3.1 Concept -- 2.3.2 Flat Target -- 2.3.3 Point Source -- 2.3.4 Extended Source -- 2.3.5 Angular Resolution -- 2.4 Total Power Radiometers -- 2.4.1 Received Signal -- 2.4.2 Power Measurement and Sensitivity -- 2.4.3 Square Law Device -- 2.4.4 Quadratic Detector -- References -- 3 Interferometry and Polarimetry -- 3.1 Historical Perspective -- 3.1.1 The Proposed Formulation -- 3.2 A Single Baseline -- 3.2.1 Visibility -- 3.2.2 Single Polarization -- 3.2.3 Polarimetric Radiometry: Ideal Case -- 3.2.4 Full Polarimetric Case -- 3.2.5 Receivers Interaction -- 3.2.6 The "−T r " Term -- 3.3 The Visibility Equation -- 3.3.1 Complex Correlation -- 3.3.2 The Fringe Washing Function -- 3.3.3 Director Cosines -- 3.3.4 Fourier Relation -- 3.4 Correlation Measurement -- 3.4.1 Sensitivity -- 3.4.2 Four Signal Multipliers -- 3.4.3 Two Signal Multipliers -- 3.4.4 Analog Multipliers -- 3.4.5 Signal Clipping and Normalized Correlation -- References -- 4 Aperture Synthesis -- 4.1 Synthetic Beam -- 4.1.1 Hexagonal Sampling -- 4.2 Radiometric Sensitivity -- 4.2.1 Variance of the Modified Brightness Temperature -- 4.2.2 Uncorrelated Visibility Samples -- 4.2.3 Correlation of Visibility Samples -- 4.3 Spatial Sampling -- 4.3.1 Visibility Coverage -- 4.3.2 Reciprocal Grids -- 4.3.3 Aliasing -- 4.3.4 Field of View -- 4.3.5 Hexagonal Grids: Y-shape Instrument -- 4.3.6 Hexagonal Instrument -- 4.4 Imaging -- 4.4.1 System of Equations -- 4.4.2 Conjugate Extension and Redundant Baselines Averaging -- 4.4.3 Fourier Image Reconstruction -- 4.4.4 G-matrix Image Reconstruction -- 4.4.5 Polarimetric Retrieval: Ideal Case -- 4.4.6 Full Polarimetric Case -- 4.4.7 Spatial Frequency Components -- 4.4.8 Reconstruction Error and Alias Mitigation -- References -- 5 Instrument Techniques -- 5.1 Frequency Conversion -- 5.1.1 Frequency Bands -- 5.1.2 Mixer Operation -- 5.1.3 Image Rejection Mixer -- 5.2 In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) Mixer -- 5.2.1 Concept -- 5.2.2 General Analysis -- 5.2.3 Quadrature Error -- 5.2.4 Correction of Phase Errors -- 5.2.5 Normalized Correlations -- 5.3 Quarter Period Delay -- 5.3.1 Concept -- 5.3.2 Center Frequency Error -- 5.3.3 Normalized Correlations -- 5.4 Digital Techniques -- 5.4.1 Sampling -- 5.4.2 Impact on Measurement Uncertainty -- 5.4.3 Low-frequency Spectrum -- 5.4.4 Spectrum with High-frequency Content -- 5.4.5 I/Q Alternate Sampling -- 5.4.6 Nyquist Zones -- 5.4.7 Correlation in the Frequency Domain -- References -- 6 Calibration and Characterization -- 6.1 Calibration Standards -- 6.1.1 Antenna and Calibration Planes -- 6.1.2 Plane Change in Total Power Radiometers -- 6.1.3 External Passive Targets -- 6.1.4 Probe Antenna -- 6.1.5 Internal Load -- 6.1.6 Noise Distribution -- 6.2 Parameter Retrieval -- 6.2.1 Correlator Gain -- 6.2.2 Inter-element Phase and Amplitude -- 6.2.3 Correlator Offset -- 6.2.4 Flat Target Response -- 6.2.5 Fringe Washing Function Shape -- 6.2.6 Receiver Gain and Offset -- 6.2.7 Instrumental Offset -- 6.3 Nonlinearity -- 6.3.1 Deflection Ratio -- 6.3.2 Impact on Instrumental Offset -- 6.4 Calibration Rate -- 6.4.1 Averaging and Interpolation -- 6.4.2 Temperature Correction -- References -- A Definitions and Concepts -- A. 1 Complex Vectors -- A. 2 Useful Complex Number Identities -- A. 3 Energy Conservation and Unitary Matrix -- A. 4 Spherical Coordinates and Solid Angle -- A.4. 1 Differential Surface -- A.4. 2 Solid Angle -- A. 5 Quadrature Equation Inversion -- A. 6 Special Functions -- A. 7 Fourier Transform -- A.7. 1 Convolution -- A.7. 2 Properties -- A.7. 3 Transform Pairs -- A.7. 4 Real Signals -- A.7. 5 Two-dimensional Fourier Transform -- A. 8 Discrete Fourier Transform -- A.8. 1 Correlation in Time and in Frequency -- A.8. 2 Random Signals -- A.8. 3 Two-dimensional Case -- Reference -- Index.