Preface to the Second Edition xvii -- Preface to the First Edition xix -- About the Companion Website xxi -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Thermoelectric Effect 3 -- 1.2.1 Seebeck Effect 3 -- 1.2.2 Peltier Effect 4 -- 1.2.3 Thomson Effect 4 -- 1.2.4 Thomson (or Kelvin) Relationships 4 -- 1.3 The Figure of Merit 5 -- 1.3.1 New Generation Thermoelectrics 5 -- Problems 7 -- References 8 -- 2 Thermoelectric Generators 9 -- 2.1 Ideal Equations 9 -- 2.2 Performance Parameters of a Thermoelectric Module 12 -- 2.3 Maximum Parameters for a Thermoelectric Module 13 -- 2.4 Normalized Parameters 14 -- Example 2.1 Estimate Heat Flow 16 -- Example 2.2 Using Ideal Equations 18 -- 2.5 Effective Material Properties 20 -- 2.6 Comparison of Calculations with a Commercial Product 21 -- Example 2.3 Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery 24 -- 2.7 Figure of Merit and Optimum Geometry 26 -- Problems 27 -- References 30 -- 3 Thermoelectric Coolers and Heat Pumps 31 -- 3.1 Ideal Equations 31 -- 3.2 Maximum Parameters 34 -- 3.3 Normalized Parameters for Thermoelectric Coolers 36 -- Example 3.1 Thermoelectric Cooler 39 -- 3.4 Normalized Parameters for Thermoelectric Heat Pumps 40 -- Example 3.2 Thermoelectric Heat Pump 42 -- Example 3.3 Thermoelectric Cooler and Heat Pump 44 -- Example 3.4 Thermoelectric Air Conditioner 46 -- 3.5 Effective Material Properties 50 -- 3.6 Comparison of Calculations with a Commercial Product 51 -- 3.7 Multistage Modules 52 -- 3.7.1 Commercial Multistage Peltier Modules 55 -- Problems 55 -- References 58 -- 4 Optimal System Design 59 -- 4.1 Introduction 59 -- 4.2 Optimal System Design for Thermoelectric Generators 59 -- 4.2.1 Basic Equations 59 -- 4.2.2 Instability and Maximum Efficiency 62 -- 4.2.3 Dimensionless Characteristics 64 -- 4.2.4 Effect of Convection Conductance 66 -- 4.2.5 Dimensionless Characteristics 67 -- Example 4.1 Waste Heat Recovery System 70 -- Example 4.2 Thermoelectric Generator System in a Nuclear Reactor 75 -- Example 4.3 Thermoelectric Generator on a Wood Stove 78 -- 4.3 Thermoelectric Generator System with Thermal Radiation 81 -- 4.3.1 Dimensional Analysis 82 -- 4.3.2 Instability and Maximum Efficiency with Radiation 84 -- 4.3.3 Dimensionless Characteristics 854. -- 3.4 Heat Flux Conversion to Dimensionless Surrounding Temperature 86 -- Example 4.4 Thermoelectric Generator System for an Offshore Fusion Nuclear Reactor 88 -- 4.4 Optimal System Design of Thermoelectric Coolers and Heat Pumps 92 -- 4.4.1 Basic Equations 92 -- 4.4.2 Instability 94 -- 4.4.3 Dimensionless Optimal Cooling Power 95 -- 4.4.4 Effect of Convection Conductance Nh 97 -- 4.4.5 Dimensionless Characteristics for Optimal Cooling and Half Optimal Cooling 99 -- Example 4.5 Thermoelectric Cooler System 102 -- 4.4.6 Micro Cooler System 107 -- Example 4.6 Micro Cooling System 108 -- 4.4.7 Thermoelectric Heat Pumps 112 -- 4.4.8 Heat Sinks Without Thermoelectric Cooler 112 -- Example 4.7 Thermoelectric Cooler and Heat Pump 115 -- 4.5 Thermoelectric Cooler System with Heat Flux 120 -- 4.5.1 Basic Equations 120 -- 4.5.2 Dimensional Analysis 121 -- 4.5.3 Instability 122 -- 4.5.4 Optimal Cooling 123 -- 4.5.5 Dimensionless Characteristics 123 -- Example 4.8 Thermoelectric Cooler System with Heat Flux 126 -- Example 4.9 Isotherm Instrument 130 -- Example 4.10 Car Seat Climate Control 135 -- Problems 140 -- Thermoelectric Generator System 140 -- Computer Programming 147 -- Thermoelectric Cooler System 149 -- Computer Programming 154 -- Projects 154 -- References 156 -- 5 Thomson Effect, Exact Solution, and Compatibility Factor 159 -- 5.1 Thermodynamics of the Thomson Effect 159 -- 5.1.2 Peltier Effect 159 -- 5.1.3 Thomson Effect 160 -- 5.1.4 Thomson (or Kelvin) Relationships 161 -- 5.2 Exact Solutions 163 -- 5.2.1 Equations for the Exact Solutions and the Ideal Equation 163 -- 5.2.2 Thermoelectric Generator 165 -- 5.2.3 Thermoelectric Coolers 166 -- 5.3 Compatibility Factor 168 -- 5.3.1 Reduced Current Density 168 -- 5.3.2 Heat Balance Equation 169 -- 5.3.3 Numerical Solution 169 -- 5.3.4 Infinitesimal Efficiency 170 -- 5.3.5 Reduced Efficiency 170 -- 5.3.6 Reduced Efficiency 170 -- 5.3.7 Compatibility Factor 171 -- 5.3.8 Segmented Thermoelements 171 -- 5.3.9 Thermoelectric Potential 173 -- 5.4 Thomson Effect 174 -- 5.4.1 Formulation of Basic Equations 175 -- 5.4.2 Numeric Solutions of the Thomson Effect 178 -- 5.4.3 Comparison Between the Thomson Effect and Ideal Equation 180 -- Problems 183 -- References 183 -- 6 Thermal and Electrical Contact Resistances for Micro and Macro Devices 185 -- 6.1 Modeling and Validation 185 -- 6.1.1 Cancellation of Spreading Resistance with Thermal Contact Resistance 186 -- 6.1.2 Thermoelectric Coolers 187 -- 6.1.3 Thermoelectric Generators 187 -- 6.1.4 Validation of Model 187 -- 6.2 Micro and Macro Thermoelectric Coolers 188 -- 6.2.1 Effect of Leg Length 190 -- 6.2.2 Effect of Material on Ceramic Plate 191 -- 6.3 Micro and Macro Thermoelectric Generators 191 -- 6.3.1 Model and Verification for Macro TE Generators 191 -- 6.3.2 Effect of Load Resistance 191 -- 6.3.3 Effect of Leg Length and Ceramic Material 194 -- Problems 194 -- References 195 -- 7 Modeling of Thermoelectric Generators and Coolers with Heat Sinks 197 -- 7.1 Modeling of Thermoelectric Generators with Heat Sinks 197 -- 7.1.1 Modeling 197 -- 7.2 Plate-Fin Heat Sinks 206 -- 7.2.1 Nusselt Number for Air 207 -- 7.2.2 Turbulent Flow for Gases and Liquids 208 -- 7.2.3 Optimal Design of Heat Sink 208 -- 7.2.4 Single Fin Efficiency 209 -- 7.2.5 Overall Fin Efficiency 210 -- 7.3 Modeling of Thermoelectric Coolers with Heat Sinks 210 -- 7.3.1 Modeling 210 -- Problems 218 -- References 218 -- 8 Applications 219 -- 8.1 Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery 219 -- 8.1.1 Recent Studies 219 -- 8.1.2 Modeling of Module Tests 221 -- 8.1.3 Modeling of TEG 226 -- 8.1.4 New Design of TEG 234 -- 8.2 Solar Thermoelectric Generators (STEGs) 237 -- 8.2.1 Recent Studies 237 -- 8.2.2 Modeling of a STEG 238 -- 8.2.3 Optimal Design of STEG (Dimensional Analysis) 246 -- 8.2.4 New Design of STEG 248 -- 8.3 Automotive Thermoelectric Air Conditioner (TEAC) 251 -- 8.3.1 Recent Studies 251 -- 8.3.2 Modeling of Air-to-Air TEAC 254 -- 8.3.3 Optimal Design of TEAC 260 -- 8.3.4 New Design of TEAC 262 -- Problems 266 -- References 267 -- 9 Crystal Structure 269 -- 9.1 Atomic Mass 269 -- 9.1.1 Avogadro's Number 269 -- Example 9.1 Mass of One Atom 269 -- 9.2 Unit Cells of a Crystal 269 -- 9.2.1 Bravais Lattices 272 -- Example 9.2 Gold Au Forms an FCC Unit Cell. Its Atomic Radius is 1.44 Å.

Calculate the Lattice Constant -- of the Gold, and Also Calculate the Density of Gold 274 -- 9.3 Crystal Planes 275 -- Example 9.3 Indices of a Plane 276 -- Problems 277 -- References 277 -- 10 Physics of Electrons 279 -- 10.1 Quantum Mechanics 279 -- 10.1.1 Electromagnetic Wave 279 -- 10.1.2 Atomic Structure 281 -- 10.1.3 Bohr's Model 282 -- 10.1.4 Line Spectra 283 -- 10.1.5 De Broglie Wave 285 -- 10.1.6 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 285 -- 10.1.7 Schrd̲inger Equation 286 -- 10.1.8 A Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 286 -- 10.1.9 Quantum Numbers 289 -- 10.1.10 Electron Configurations 291 -- Example 10.1 Electronic Configuration of a Silicon Atom 292 -- 10.2 Band Theory and Doping 293 -- 10.2.1 Covalent Bonding 293 -- 10.2.2 Energy Band 294 -- 10.2.3 Pseudo-Potential Well 295 -- 10.2.4 Doping, Donors, and Acceptors 295 -- Problems 296 -- References 297 -- 11 Density of States, Fermi Energy, and Energy Bands 299 -- 11.1 Current and Energy Transport 299 -- 11.2 Electron Density of States 300 -- 11.2.1 Dispersion Relation 300 -- 11.2.2 Effective Mass 300 -- 11.2.3 Density of States 301 -- 11.3 Fermi-Dirac Distribution 303 -- 11.4 Electron Concentration 304 -- 11.5 Fermi Energy in Metals 305 -- Example 11.1 Fermi Energy in Gold 306 -- 11.6 Fermi Energy in Semiconductors 307 -- Example 11.2 Fermi Energy in Doped Semiconductors 308 -- 11.7 Energy Bands 309 -- 11.7.1 Multiple Bands 310 -- 11.7.2 Direct and Indirect Semiconductors 310 -- 11.7.3 Periodic Potential (Kronig-Penney Model) 311 -- Problems 317 -- References 318 -- 12 Thermoelectric Transport Properties for Electrons 319 -- 12.1 Boltzmann Transport Equation 319 -- 12.2 Semiclassical Model of Metals 321 -- 12.2.1 Electric Current Density 321 -- 12.2.2 Electrical Conductivity 321 -- Example 12.1 Electron Relaxation Time of Gold 323 -- 12.2.3 Seebeck Coefficient 323 -- Example 12.2 Seebeck Coefficient of Gold 325 -- 12.2.4 Electronic Thermal Conductivity 325 -- Example 12.3 Electronic Thermal Conductivity of Gold 326 -- 12.3 Power-Law Model for Metals and Semiconductors 326 -- 12.3.1 Equipartition Principle 327 -- 12.3.2 Parabolic Single-Band Model 328 -- Example 12.4 Seebeck coefficient of PbTe 330 -- Example 12.5 Material Parameter 334 -- 12.4 Hall Effect 335 -- 12.5 Electron Relaxation Time 339 -- 12.5.1 Acoustic Phonon Scattering 339 -- 12.5.2 Polar Optical Phonon Scattering 339 -- 12.5.3 Ionized Impurity Scattering 340 -- 12.5.4 Comparison Between the S ...