Cover -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Desalination Technologies: Harnessing the Ocean for Freshwater Solutions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Desalination Technologies Overview -- 1.3 Conventional Desalination Technologies -- 1.3.1 Reverse Osmosis -- 1.3.1.1 Description and Working Principle -- 1.3.1.2 Technological Challenges and the Future of RO -- 1.3.2 MSF Distillation -- 1.3.2.1 Key Operational Parameters and Energy Requirements -- 1.3.3 Multi-effect Distillation -- 1.3.4 Electro Dialysis

1.3.4.1 Applications in Brackish Water Desalination -- 1.4 Emerging Desalination Technologies -- 1.4.1 Nanotechnology-based Membranes -- 1.4.2 Geothermal Desalination -- 1.4.3 Capacitive Deionization -- 1.4.4 Membrane Distillation -- 1.4.5 Advanced Reverse Osmosis -- 1.4.6 Forward Osmosis -- 1.4.7 Potential Advantages Over Traditional Methods -- 1.5 Energy Sources for Desalination -- 1.5.1 Conventional Energy Sources -- 1.5.2 RE Integration -- 1.6 Economic and Environmental Considerations -- 1.6.1 Cost Analysis of Desalination Technologies -- 1.6.2 Environmental Impact Assessments

1.7 Future Directions in Desalination Research -- 1.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2: Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems for Water Resource Management: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Factors Affecting Water Resources -- 2.2.1 Rainfall (Indian Summer Monsoon -- 2.2.2 Surface Water -- 2.2.3 Groundwater -- 2.2.4 Water Demand and Availability -- 2.3 Ecological Renewal in Water Resource Management: The Need -- 2.4 Importance of the Aquatic Ecosystem -- 2.5 Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems

2.5.1 Principles of Restoration: Sustainable Solutions -- 2.5.1.1 Addressing the Root Cause of Degradation -- 2.5.1.2 Restoring Ecological Integrity -- 2.5.1.3 Nature-based Solutions: Climate Resilience and Adaptation -- 2.5.2 Restoring Native and Keystone Species -- 2.5.2.1 Restoring Hydrological Flow and Natural Regimes -- 2.5.2.2 Incorporating Technological Yet Cost-effective and Measurable Methods of Restoration Aligning with Adaptive Management -- 2.5.2.3 Integrating Stronger Legal and Financial Support for Sustainable Restoration

2.5.2.4 Community-led Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration: Integrating Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITKs) -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Groundwater Nitrate as a Key Concern of Water Scarcity in Arid Environment: A Special Focus on MENA Region -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Study Area -- 3.1.2 Literature and Data Collection Strategy -- 3.2 Nitrate Levels in the MENA Region -- 3.3 Nitrate Natural (Geogenic) Sources in Groundwater -- 3.3.1 Other Geogenic Contaminants in Groundwater in the MENA Region -- 3.4 Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrate in Groundwater -- 3.4.1 Agriculture