Introduction: argument : the return of Malthus -- Land use and agrofuels -- The importance of land -- Land use scenarios for agrofuels and nine billion people -- Regulating land use for agrofuels : a case study of Brazil -- Ecologically unequal exchange -- Framing unequal exchange -- The importance of measures -- Measures and interpretations of ecologically unequal exchange -- The appropriation of ecological space -- From environmental load displacement to land grabbing -- The argument revisited : the return to the land.