Anatomy of the adrenal gland -- Indications for adrenalectomy -- Open versus Minimally Invasive approach -- Retroperitoneoscopic versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy -- Retroperitoneoscopic approach in malignant disease -- Anesthesia in posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach -- Technical steps of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy -- Intraoperative complications -- Management of vascular injuries (IVC) -- Converting to open surgery -- Final outcomes -- Robotic surgery and innovation.