chapter 1 1 Overview of Cleaning Agents / chapter 1 2 Solvents and Solubility / chapter 1 3 Aqueous Cleaning Essentials / chapter 1 4 Review of Solvents for Precision Cleaning / chapter 1 5 Hydrofluoroethers / chapter 1 6 Hydrofluorocarbons / chapter 1 7 normal-Propyl Bromide / chapter 1 8 Vapor Degreasing with Traditional Chlorinated Solvents / chapter 1 9 Volatile Methylsiloxanes: Unexpected New Solvent Technology / chapter 1 10 Benzotrifluorides / chapter 1 11 HCFC-225: Alternative Precision and Electronics Cleaning Technology / chapter 1 12 d-Limonene: A Safe and Versatile Naturally Occurring Alternative Solvent / chapter 2 1 Cleaning Equipment Overview / chapter 2 2 The Fundamental Theory and Application of Ultrasonics for Cleaning / chapter 2 3 Ultrasonic Cleaning Mechanism / chapter 2 4 Higher-Frequency and Multiple-Frequency Ultrasonic Systems / chapter 2 5 Megasonic Cleaning Action / chapter 2 6 Equipment Design / chapter 2 7 Cold and Heated Batch Solvent Cleaning Systems / chapter 2 8 Flushing Systems / chapter 2 Solvent Vapor Degreasing — Minimizing Waste Streams -- chapter 2 10 Vapor Degreaser Retrofitting / chapter 2 11 Enclosed Cleaning Systems / chapter 2 12 Precision Cleaning and Drying Utilizing Low-Flash-Point Solvents / chapter 2 Dense-Phase CO2 as a Cleaning Solvent: Liquid CO2 and Supercritical CO2 / chapter 2 14 Carbon Dioxide Dry Ice Snow Cleaning / chapter 2 15 Gas Plasma: A Dry Process for Cleaning and Surface Treatment / chapter 2 16 Super-Heated, High-Pressure Steam Vapor Cleaning / chapter 2 17 Making Decisions about Water and Wastewater for Aqueous Operations / chapter 2 18 Overview of Drying: Drying after Solvent Cleaning and Fixturing / chapter 2 19 Aqueous Parts Drying / chapter 2 20 Liquid Displacement Drying Techniques / chapter 3 1 How Clean Is Clean? Measuring Surface Cleanliness and Defining Acceptable Level of Cleanliness / chapter 3 2 Contamination Control and Analytical Techniques / chapter 3 3 Material Compatibility / chapter 4 1 Evaluating, Choosing, and Implementing the Process: How to Get Vendors to Work with You* / chapter 4 2 Optimizing and Maintaining the Process / chapter 5 1 Surface Cleaning, Particle Removal / chapter 5 2 Cleaning Metals: Strategies for the New Millennium -- chapter 5 3 Very High Performance, Complex Applications / chapter 5 4 Cleaning Solutions in the Semiconductor Wafer Manufacturing Process / chapter 5 5 Biomedical Applications: Analytical Characterization for Biocompatibility / chapter 6 Safety and the Environment — Some Editorial Thoughts / chapter 6 Critical Cleaning — Working with Regulators — From a Regulator’s Viewpoint / chapter 6 3 Lessons Learned from the Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Solvents / chapter 6 4 Screening Techniques for Environmental Impact of Cleaning Agents / chapter 6 5 Health and Safety