<P>List of tables</P><P>Preface</P><P><EM>Context </EM></P><P><EM>How to Read this Book</EM></P><P></P><P>Acknowledgements </P><P>Chapter 1: Introduction and Approach</P><P><EM>Introduction</EM></P><P><EM>A Note on Vocabulary </EM></P><P><EM>Problem statement </EM></P><P><EM>Methodology </EM></P><P><EM>Literature Review </EM></P><P><EM>Summary </EM></P><P>Chapter 2: Context and Society</P><P><EM>Introduction </EM></P><P><EM>Historical Context </EM></P><P><EM>Evolution of the Concepts </EM></P><P><EM>Incentives and Disincentives </EM></P><P><EM>Summary: Social Context and Origin </EM></P><P>Chapter 3: Context and Institutions</P><P><EM>Introduction</EM></P><P><EM>Institutions and Infrastructure</EM></P><P><EM>Technology and Tools</EM></P><P><EM>Role of Law</EM></P><P><EM>Economic Context</EM></P><P><EM>Summary</EM></P><P>Chapter 4: Disciplines</P><P><EM>Introduction</EM></P><P><EM>Natural Sciences </EM></P><P><EM>Social Sciences </EM></P><P><EM>Humanities </EM></P><P><EM>Professional Schools </EM></P><P><EM>Summary </EM></P><P>Chapter 5: Measurement </P><P><EM>Introduction</EM></P><P><EM>What is Measurement? </EM></P><P><EM>Training in Measurement </EM></P><P><EM>Institutions and Measurement </EM></P><P><EM>Measurement Failures </EM></P><P><EM>Summary</EM></P><P>Chapter 6: Actors </P><P><EM>Introduction</EM></P><P><EM>Investigators </EM></P><P><EM>Judges </EM></P><P><EM>Violators </EM></P><P><EM>Victims </EM></P><P><EM>Summary</EM> </P><P>Chapter 7: Conclusion and Consequences</P><P><EM>Introduction</EM></P><P><EM>Scholarly Fraud </EM></P><P><EM>Fraud in the Wider World</EM> </P><P></P><P>Bibliography</P><P>Index</P>