Title Page ; Copyright Page; Contents; List of Contributors; Preface; Acknowledgments; Chapter 1 The Brain Evolved to Guide Action; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 William James and the Functionalist Tradition; 1.3 Ramon y Cajal's Functionalist Neuroscience; 1.4 Embodied Cognition; 1.4.1 Interactive Explanation and Dynamical Systems; 1.4.2 Changing the Role of Representations; 1.4.3 Intelligent Bodies, Scaffolded Environments, Fuzzy Borders; 1.5 Embodied Cognition and the Brain; 1.5.1 Brains Evolve through Elaboration; 1.5.2 Cognition Does Not Respect Boundaries.

1.5.3 Brains Function to Guide Adaptive Action1.6 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 2 The Evolution of Evolutionary Neuroscience; 2.1 The Evolution of "Evolution"; 2.2 Evolution of "the Nervous System"; 2.3 New Understandings of Brain Structure; 2.4 New Understandings of Brain Size; 2.5 Comparative Brain Mapping: Wally Welker's School of Cortical Cartography; 2.6 The Human's Place in Nature: All Brains Are Not Made the Same; 2.7 Conclusions and Perspectives; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 3 Approaches to the Study of Brain Evolution; 3.1 Introduction.

3.2 The Structure of the Mammalian Radiation3.3 What We Learn from the Fossil Record; 3.4 Deducing Brain Evolution from the Comparative Studies of the Brains of Extant Mammals; 3.5 Understandings of Brain Evolution Based on Developmental Patterns and Biological Constraints; 3.6 Studies of Brain Development; References; Chapter 4 Intraneuronal Computation: Charting the Signaling Pathways of the Neuron; 4.1 Introduction: The Centrality of Intracellular Signaling; 4.2 How Signaling Resources Evolved in the Transition from Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic.

4.2.1 Recombination Is a Central Theme of Signaling System Evolution4.3 Four Evolutionary Roots of Eukaryotic Signaling Systems; 4.3.1 The Prokaryotic "Detection of Solutes"; 4.3.2 Counteracting the Donnan Effect: "Sensing the Solvent"; 4.3.3 The Interface between Signaling and Cell-Cycle Control; 4.3.4 The Cytoskeleton and Endocytic Matrix: Signaling Incorporation of Mechanical and Membrane-Remodeling Systems; 4.4 Fundamental Signaling Pathways in Neuronal Development and Physiology; 4.4.1 The Prototypical Signaling Pathway; 4.4.2 The Catalog of Eukaryotic Signaling Pathways.

4.5 Intracellular Signaling at the Synapse4.5.1 Structural Components of Excitatory (Post)Synaptic Sites; 4.5.2 Local Protein Synthesis in Spines: Molecular Markers of Plasticity; 4.6 Concluding Comments: Molecular Tools for the Evolution of "Social Brains"; Appendix: Catalog of Eukaryotic Signaling Pathways; 4.A.1 Pathways of Early Development; 4.A.2 Mid Development and Organogenesis; 4.A.3 Tissue Physiology; 4.A.4 Stress and Criticality (Apoptosis and Necrosis); Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 5 The Evolution of Neurons; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Non-neuronal Reflexes in Porifera.