History for Canonical and Non-canonical Structures of Nucleic Acids -- Structures of Nucleic Acids Now -- Stability of Non-canonical Nucleic Acids -- Physicochemical Properties of Non-canonical Nucleic Acids -- Telomere -- Transcription -- Translation -- Replication -- Helicase -- Dynamic Regulation of Biosystems by Nucleic Acids with Non-canonical Structures -- Cancer and Nucleic Acid Structures -- Neurodegenerative Diseases and Nucleic Acid Structures -- Therapeutic Applications -- Materials Science and Nanotechnology of Nucleic Acids -- Future Outlook for Chemistry and Biology of Non-canonical Nucleic Acids.