Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 A Methodological Approach of Plant Essential Oils and their Isolated Bioactive Components for Antiviral Activities -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 General Chemical Properties and Bioactivity -- 1.3 Antiviral Mechanisms -- 1.3.1 Time of Addition Assay -- 1.3.1.1 Pretreatment of Host Cells -- 1.3.1.2 Pretreatment of Virions -- 1.3.1.3 Co-Treatment of Host/Cultured Cells and Virions During Virus Inoculation -- 1.3.1.4 Post-Entry Treatment -- 1.3.2 Thermal Shift Assays -- 1.3.2.1 Viral Attachment Assay -- 1.3.2.2 Viral Fusion Assay (Entry Assay) -- 1.3.3 Morphological Study -- 1.3.4 Protein Inhibition -- 1.3.5 Other Metabolic Anti-Viral Mechanisms -- 1.4 Assessment of Antiviral Activities via In Vitro Assays -- 1.4.1 Determination of Cytotoxicity (Cytopathogenic Reduction Assay) -- 1.4.2 In Vitro Activities on Different Viruses -- 1.4.2.1 Human Herpes Virus -- 1.4.2.2 Influenza Virus -- 1.4.2.3 Non-Enveloped Viruses -- 1.4.2.4 Other Viruses -- 1.5 Activities of Essential Oils in Relation to Their Bioactive Components -- 1.6 Antiviral Activities as Compared to the Polarity of Bioactive Components -- 1.7 In Vivo Studies of Essential Oils for its Antiviral Effect -- 1.7.1 Herpes Simplex Virus -- 1.7.2 Influenza Virus -- 1.7.3 West Nile Virus -- 1.8 Activities In-Respect to the Available Antivirals -- 1.9 Antiviral Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Components Loaded in Nanosystems -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Essential Oils Used to Inhibit Bacterial Growth in Food -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Chemistry of Essential Oils -- 2.3 Essential Oils Against Microorganisms in Food Products -- 2.4 Application of Essential Oils in the Food Industry -- 2.5 Essential Oil Extraction Techniques -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Industrial Application of Essential Oils.

3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Essential Oils -- 3.2.1 Sources and Chemical Composition -- 3.2.2 Extraction Methods -- 3.2.2.1 Conventional Extraction Methods -- 3.2.2.2 Innovative Extraction Methods -- 3.2.3 Industrial Applications of Essential Oils -- 3.2.3.1 Food Preservation and Active Packaging Systems -- 3.2.3.2 Aromatherapy -- 3.2.3.3 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Application -- 3.2.3.4 Biopesticide in Insect Pest Management -- Conclusion -- Declaration about Copyright -- References -- Chapter 4 Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on the Production and Composition of Essential Oils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Essential Oil Characteristics -- 4.3 Factors Influencing Essential Oils Production and Composition -- 4.4 Abiotic Factors -- 4.4.1 Drought -- 4.4.2 Salinity -- 4.4.3 Temperature -- 4.4.4 Light -- 4.4.5 Nutrients -- 4.4.6 Heavy Metals -- 4.5 Biotic Factors -- 4.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Investigation of Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Viruses: Structure, Characteristics, and Replication -- 5.3 In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Action Investigations of Essential Oils and Essential Oil Components -- 5.3.1 Investigation of In Vitro Antiviral Activities -- 5.3.1.1 Plaque Reduction Assay -- 5.3.1.2 The Inhibition of Viral Cytopathogenic Effect -- 5.3.2 Mechanisms of Action -- 5.3.2.1 Time-of-Drug-Addition Assay -- 5.3.2.2 Temperature-Shift Assay -- 5.3.2.3 Morphological Alteration -- 5.3.2.4 Protein Inhibition -- 5.3.2.5 Other Mechanisms of Action -- 5.3.3 Selectivity Index (SI) -- 5.4 The Antiviral Efficacy of Essential Oils on Viruses Affecting Different Body Systems -- 5.4.1 Respiratory System -- 5.4.1.1 Influenza Virus -- 5.4.1.2 Adenovirus and Rhinovirus -- 5.4.1.3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 (SARS-COV-1).

5.4.1.4 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) -- 5.4.2 GIT System -- 5.4.2.1 Coxsackie Virus -- 5.4.2.2 Dengue Virus -- 5.4.2.3 Yellow Fever Virus -- 5.4.2.4 Murine Norovirus Type 1 -- 5.4.3 Nervous System -- 5.4.3.1 West Nile Virus -- 5.4.4 Immune System -- 5.4.4.1 HIV -- 5.4.5 Reproductive System -- 5.4.5.1 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) -- 5.4.6 Other Viruses -- 5.4.6.1 Human Herpes Virus -- 5.4.6.2 Orf Virus -- 5.5 The Antiviral Efficacy of Essential Oils on Phyto-Pathogenic Viruses -- 5.6 The Antiviral Efficacy of the Essential Oils on Animal.Infecting Viruses -- 5.6.1 Virus Affecting Cattle (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus) -- 5.6.2 Virus Affecting Cats (Feline Calicivirus F9) -- 5.6.3 Virus Affecting Pigs (Porcine Parvovirus) -- 5.7 Synergistic Effect of Essential Oil Components with Known Antiviral Drugs -- 5.8 Aromatherapy and its Role as an Antiviral Agent -- 5.9 Route of Essential Oil Administration -- 5.10 Nano-Formulated Essential Oils: A Promising Approach to Enhance Antiviral Activity -- 5.11 Safety of Essential Oils -- 5.12 Antiviral Essential Oils: Drawbacks versus Future Perspectives -- 5.13 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Mentha sp. Essential Oil and Its Applicability in Brazil -- Introduction -- 6.1 Ethnobotany of the Mentha in Brazil -- 6.2 Chemical Constituents of Mentha Oil -- 6.3 Evaluation of Biological Activities of Mentha Essential Oils -- 6.4 Toxicity of Essential Oils from Mentha Used in Folk Medicine -- 6.5 Final Considerations and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Microbial Influence on Plants for Enhanced Production of Active Secondary Metabolites -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classes of Plants Secondary Metabolites -- 7.2.1 Terpenes -- 7.2.2 Phenolic Compounds -- 7.2.3 Nitrogen-Containing Secondary Metabolites -- 7.2.4 Sulphur Containing Secondary Metabolites.

7.3 Secondary Metabolites Production from Plants -- 7.3.1 In Vivo Production of Secondary Metabolites -- 7.3.2 In Vitro Secondary Metabolites Production -- 7.4 Interaction of Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere -- 7.5 Influence of Bacteria and Fungi on Plants -- 7.5.1 Plant Growth Promoters -- 7.5.1.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPR) -- 7.5.1.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF) -- 7.5.2 Production of Plant Biomass -- 7.5.3 Bacteria and Fungus as Biofertilizers -- 7.5.4 Role of Bacteria and Fungi as a Phytostimulator -- 7.5.5 Role of Bacteria and Fungi as a Biopesticides -- 7.5.6 Stress Tolerant Activity of Bacteria and Fungi -- Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8 Valorization of Limonene Over Acid Solid Catalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Limonene Reactions with Alcohols -- 8.3 Hydration and Acetoxylation -- 8.4 Conversion of Limonene into p-Cymene -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Elucidating the Role of Essential Oils in Pharmaceutical and Industrial Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Extraction of Volatile Oils from Various Sources -- 9.2.1 Terpenes -- 9.2.2 Hydrocarbons -- 9.3 Role of Essential Oils in Industry -- 9.3.1 Role in Cosmetics and Aromatherapy -- 9.3.1.1 Cosmetic Industry -- 9.3.1.2 Immortelle Essential Oil -- 9.3.1.3 Lavender Essential Oil -- 9.3.1.4 German Chamomile Oil -- 9.3.1.5 Neroli Essential Oil -- 9.3.1.6 Peppermint Essential Oil -- 9.3.1.7 Rosemary Essential Oil -- 9.3.2 Application in Food Industry -- 9.3.2.1 Food Preservation -- 9.3.2.2 Food Packaging -- 9.4 Pharmacological Effects of Essential Oils -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10 Uses of Essential Oils in Different Sectors -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Food and Beverage -- 10.3 Packaging -- 10.4 Cosmetic and Perfumery -- 10.5 Aromatherapy -- 10.6 Medical -- 10.7 Agriculture.

10.8 Textile -- 10.9 Cleaning Household -- 10.10 Safety of Essential Oils -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Essential Oils -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Anticancer -- 11.2.1 Role of Terpenes in Anticancer Activity -- 11.2.2 Role of Aromatic Compounds in Anticancer Activity -- 11.2.3 Mode of Action -- 11.2.4 The Effect of EOs in Different Types of Cancers -- 11.2.5 Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) -- 11.3 Anti-Inflammatory -- 11.3.1 Terpenoids for Anti-Inflammatory -- 11.3.2 Phenylpropanoids for Anti-Inflammatory -- 11.3.3 Role of Essential Oil for Anti-Inflammatory -- 11.4 Anti-Viral -- 11.4.1 Terpenoids for Anti-Viral Activity -- 11.4.2 Essential Oils for Coronavirus -- 11.4.3 Essential Oil for Anti-Viral Activity -- 11.5 Anti-Fungal -- 11.5.1 Mode of Action -- 11.5.2 Essential Oil for Anti-Fungal Activity -- 11.6 Antidiabetic -- 11.7 Larvicidal Activity -- 11.8 Anti-Bacterial -- Conclusion -- Conflicts of Interest -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12 Augmented Stability and Efficacy of Essential Oils Through Encapsulation Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Various Strategies for Encapsulation of Essential Oils -- 12.2.1 Essential Oils Encapsulated in Liposomes -- 12.2.2 Essential Oils Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Complexes -- 12.2.3 Essential Oils Encapsulated in Polymeric Complexes -- 12.2.4 Essential Oils Encapsulated in Electrospun Fibers -- 12.2.5 Essential Oils Encapsulated in Microemulsion/Nanoemulsions -- 12.2.6 Essential Oils Encapsulated in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles -- 12.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Antimicrobial Effect of Essential Oils for Food Application -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Biotechnological Strategies for Extracting Essential Oils for Food Application -- 13.3 Methods for Evaluating the EO Inhibitory Activity In Vitro.