About the Authors xiii -- Preface xv -- Acknowledgments xvii -- Part I Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) 1 -- 1 Foundation of Attribute-Based Encryption 3 -- 1.1 Introduction 3 -- 1.1.1 Symmetric Encryption 4 -- 1.1.2 Asymmetric Key Encryption 4 -- 1.1.3 Identity-Based Encryption 5 -- 1.2 Functional Encryption 7 -- 1.2.1 Applications of Attribute-Based Encryption 8 -- 1.2.2 Problems with Attribute-Based Encryption 9 -- 1.2.3 A Brief History of Security Proof of Functional Encryption 9 -- 1.2.4 Dual System of Encryption 10 -- 1.2.5 Summary 11 -- References 12 -- 2 Mathematical Background 15 -- 2.1 Group Theory 15 -- 2.1.1 Law of Composition 15 -- 2.1.2 Groups 15 -- 2.1.3 Subgroups 16 -- 2.1.4 Homomorphisms 17 -- 2.1.5 Cyclic Group 17 -- 2.2 Ring Theory 20 -- 2.2.1 Ideals and Quotient Rings 21 -- 2.2.2 Euler's Totient Function 22 -- 2.2.3 Polynomial Rings 22 -- 2.2.4 Irreducible and Monic Polynomials 22 -- 2.2.5 Field Theory 23 -- 2.2.5.1 Quotient Field 24 -- 2.2.6 Field Characteristic 24 -- 2.2.7 Algebraic Extension Fields 24 -- 2.3 Elliptic Curves 24 -- 2.3.1 Plane Curve 24 -- 2.3.2 Group Operations on Elliptic Curves 26 -- 2.3.2.1 Point Addition 26 -- 2.3.2.2 Point Doubling 27 -- 2.4 Divisors and Bilinear Map 28 -- 2.4.1 Divisors 28 -- 2.4.2 The degree and Support of d 29 -- 2.4.3 The Divisor of a Function f on E 29 -- 2.4.4 Equivalence of Divisors 30 -- 2.4.5 Bilinear Map 31 -- 2.4.6 Weil Pairing 31 -- 2.4.7 Miller's Algorithm 32 -- 2.4.8 The Tate Pairing 34 -- 2.5 Summary 36 -- References 36 -- 3 Attribute-Based Encryption 37 -- 3.1 Introduction 37 -- 3.2 Basic Components of ABE Construction 39 -- 3.2.1 Secret-Sharing Schemes 39 -- 3.2.2 Polynomial Interpolation 41 -- 3.2.2.1 Polynomials Over the Reals 41 -- 3.2.2.2 Polynomials Modulus P 44 -- 3.2.3 Shamir Secret Sharing 45 -- 3.2.4 Verifiable Secret Sharing (VSS) 47 -- 3.2.4.1 Algorithm for Converting Access Structure Into LSSS Matrix 47 -- 3.2.4.2 Access Structure Example 48 -- 3.2.4.3 Algorithms in Attribute-Based Encryption 49 -- 3.2.5 Properties of Attribute-Based Encryption 51 -- 3.2.6 Prime Order Group 51 -- 3.3 Cryptographic Hard Assumptions 51 -- 3.3.1 Composite Order Bilinear Groups 54 -- 3.3.2 Complexity Assumptions 55 -- 3.4 Provable Security 56 -- 3.5 Security Notions 57 -- 3.5.1 Summary 57 -- References 58 -- 4 Data Access Control 61 -- 4.1 Introduction 61 -- 4.1.1 Coarse-Grained 62 -- 4.1.2 Fine-Grained Access Control 63 -- 4.1.3 Importance of Fine-Grained Access Control 64 -- 4.2 Concerns About Cloud-Based Access Control that Are Trustworthy 65 -- 4.2.1 Encryption Access Control 65 -- 4.2.2 Requirements for Encryption-Based Access Control 67 -- 4.3 Summary 67 -- References 68 -- 5 Selective Secure ABE Schemes Based on Prime Order Group 69 -- 5.1 Introduction 69 -- 5.1.1 Selective Security Model for KP-ABE 70 -- 5.1.2 Selective Security Model for CP-ABE 70 -- 5.1.3 ABE Schemes 71 -- 5.2 The KP-ABE Scheme 71 -- 5.2.1 Concrete Scheme Construction 71 -- 5.2.2 Security Proof 73 -- 5.3 The CP-ABE Scheme 74 -- 5.3.1 Concrete Scheme Construction 74 -- 5.3.2 Security Proof 76 -- 5.4 Summary 77 -- References 77 -- 6 Fully Secure ABE Schemes Based on Composite and Prime Order Groups 79 -- 6.1 Introduction 79 -- 6.2 A Fully Secure CP-ABE from Composite Order Group 81 -- 6.2.1 CP-ABE Construction 82 -- 6.2.2 Adaptive Security Proof 83 -- 6.2.2.1 Description of Hybrids 83 -- 6.2.3 Security Proof 84 -- 6.3 A Fully Secure KP-ABE Scheme Based on Dual Vector Space 84 -- 6.3.1 KP-ABE Construction 85 -- 6.3.2 Adaptive Security 87 -- 6.3.3 Security Proof 88 -- 6.4 KP-ABE Scheme Based on Matrix 89 -- 6.4.1 The Scheme 89 -- 6.4.2 Adaptive Security 90 -- 6.4.3 Security Proof 91 -- 6.5 Summary 91 -- References 92 -- Part II Concepts of Blockchain Technology 95 -- 7 Blockchain Technology 97 -- 7.1 Introduction 97 -- 7.1.1 History 97 -- 7.1.2 Preliminary Concepts of Blockchain Technology 98 -- 7.1.3 Characteristics of Blockchain 100 -- 7.1.4 Evolution and Types of Blockchain 104 -- 7.1.4.1 The Blockchain 1.0 104 -- 7.1.4.2 Blockchain 2.0 104 -- 7.1.4.3 Blockchain 3.0 105 -- 7.1.5 Permissionless vs Permissioned Blockchains 105 -- 7.1.6 Types of Blockchain 105 -- 7.2 Architecture of Blockchain 106 -- 7.2.1 Architecture of Blockchain 1.0 (Cryptocurrencies) 106 -- 7.2.2 Block 106 -- 7.2.3 Node 107 -- 7.2.4 Types of Blockchain Nodes 107 -- 7.2.5 Consensus 110 -- 7.3 Architecture of Blockchain 2.0 (Smart Contracts) 110 -- 7.3.1 Introduction to Smart Contracts 110 -- 7.3.2 How Smart Contracts Work 111 -- 7.3.3 Example of Smart Contract 111 -- 7.3.4 Uses of Smart Contracts 111 -- 7.3.5 Advantages of Smart Contracts 112 -- 7.3.6 Limitations of Smart Contracts 112 -- 7.4 Architecture of Blockchain 3.0 (Blockchain Applications) 113 -- 7.4.1 Consensus Mechanism 113 -- 7.5 Blockchain 4.0 118 -- 7.5.1 Blockchain 4.0 Applications 119 -- 7.5.2 Metaverse 119 -- 7.5.3 Industrial Revolution 4.0 120 -- 7.5.4 Blockchain 4.0 for Businesses 120 -- References 120 -- 8 Scaling-Out Blockchains with Sharding 125 -- 8.1 Introduction 125 -- 8.1.1 Scalability Trilemma 126 -- 8.1.2 Nakamoto-Based - Monoxide - Chu-ko-nu Mining 128 -- 8.1.3 Elastico 128 -- 8.1.4 OmniLedger 129 -- 8.1.5 Rapid Chain 130 -- 8.1.6 Learnings 131 -- 8.1.7 General Improvements 132 -- 8.1.7.1 Reducing Transaction Latency 133 -- 8.1.7.2 Inter-Communication Protocol 133 -- 8.1.7.3 Shards Ledger Pruning 134 -- 8.1.7.4 Decentralized Bootstrapping 134 -- 8.1.7.5 Securing the Epoch Reconfiguration 134 -- 8.1.7.6 Sharded Smart Contract 135 -- 8.1.7.7 Replay Attacks and Defenses Against Cross-Shard Protocols 135 -- 8.2 Off-Chain Solution: Layer 2 Solutions 136 -- 8.2.1 State Channels 136 -- 8.2.2 Side Chains of the Plasma 138 -- 8.2.3 Problems with Data Accessibility 139 -- 8.3 Rollups 139 -- 8.3.1 Rollups Based on Zero Knowledge 140 -- 8.3.2 Proofs of Zero-Knowledge 140 -- 8.3.3 Protocol Schnorr 142 -- 8.3.4 Protocol Pedersen 143 -- 8.3.5 zk-SNARKs 144 -- 8.4 Summary 144 -- References 145 -- Part III Applying Blockchain with Real-Time Technologies 147 -- 9 Blockchain Technology for Supply Management 149 -- 9.1 Introduction 149 -- 9.1.1 System Design 153 -- 9.1.2 System Architecture 153 -- 9.1.3 Entities of the System 154 -- 9.1.3.1 Users 154 -- 9.1.4 Smart Contract Control 157 -- 9.1.5 Blockchain Network 157 -- 9.1.5.1 Processing Nodes 157 -- 9.1.5.2 System Application Layer 158 -- 9.1.5.3 Storage Infrastructure 158 -- 9.1.6 System Decryption 158 -- 9.1.7 Blocks 159 -- 9.1.7.1 Block Design 160 -- 9.2 System Flow 163 -- 9.2.1 System Advantages 163 -- 9.2.2 Conclusion 164 -- References 165 -- 10 Satellite Communication 167 -- 10.1 Introduction 167 -- 10.1.1 Low-Orbit Constellation Communication Networks 169 -- 10.1.2 Interstellar Link Length 171 -- 10.1.3 Model of Satellite Motion 171 -- 10.1.4 Edge Computing Technologies 172 -- 10.2 Analysis of Edge Computing Requirements of Low-Orbit Constellation Communication Networks 175 -- 10.2.1 Design of Edge Computing Architecture for Low-Orbit Constellation Communication Networks 175 -- 10.2.2 Satellite 176 -- 10.2.3 System Entities 180 -- 10.2.4 System Process Flow 180 -- 10.2.5 Security Properties 183 -- 10.3 Summary 183 -- References 183 -- 11 Foundation of Information-Centric Communication 185 -- 11.1 Introduction 185 -- 11.2 Information-Centric Communication 185 -- 11.3 Name-Based Routing of Content 187 -- 11.4 Benefits of Using ICN 187 -- 11.5 Cost-Efficient and Scalable Distribution of Content Design Principles 189 -- 11.6 ICN Design Challenges 190 -- 11.6.1 Content Naming 190 -- 11.6.2 Caching of Content 191 -- 11.6.3 Data Integrity 192 -- 11.6.4 Resolution System's Scalability and Name-Based Routing 192 -- References 193 -- 12 Security Overall in Information-Centric Networks 195 -- 12.1 Introduction 195 -- 12.2 Content-Centric Network (CCN) Architecture 195 -- 12.3 Naming System Design 197 -- 12.4 Secure Naming Scheme for Information-Centric Networks 198 -- 12.5 Data Transmission - Content Delivery 198 -- 12.6 Traffic Load in Network Caching 199 -- 12.6.1 Store Unique Naming of Content in Caches 200 -- 12.6.2 Storage Limitation in Caching Space Devices 201 -- 12.7 Content's Freshness Detection 201 -- 12.8 ICN Security 201 -- 12.9 Attacks in ICN Architectures 202 -- 12.10 ICN Attributes to Ensure Security Threats 204 -- 12.11 Traffic Analysis and Prediction 204 -- 12.12 Some Key Problem Statements 205 -- 12.13 Blockchain-Based ICN Scheme Improvement 206 -- 12.13.1 Protection Against DDos 206 -- 12.14 A

Secured Information-Centric Network Based on Blockchain 206 -- 12.14.1 Blockchain-Based ICN Structure 207 -- 12.14.1.1 Data Integrity 207 -- 12.15 Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme for the Information-Centric Network 208 -- 12.15.1 Applying Ciphertext-Policy ABE (CP-ABE) Scheme in ICN 209 -- 12.15.2 System Design of CP-ABE Scheme in ICN 210 -- References 212 -- 13 Subscriber Data Management System Based on Blockchain 215 -- 13.1 Introduction 215 -- 13.1.1 Motivation 216 -- 13.1.2 Problem Statement 216 -- 13.1.3 Contributions 216 -- 13.2 Literature Review 217 -- 13.3 System Design Description 217 -- 13.3.1 Assumptions 217 -- 13.3.2 Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) 218 -- 13.3.3 CP-ABE Construction 218 -- 13.3.4 System Components 219 -- 13.3.4.1 Data Subscribers (DSs) 219 -- 13.3.4.2 Data Providers (DPs) 220 -- 13.3.4.3 Key Generation and Distribution Center (KGDC) 220 -- 13.3.4.4 IPFS Distributed Storage 220 -- 13.3.4.5 Blockchain Platform 220 -- 13.3.5 Process Description 222 -- 13.3.5.1 Subscriber Registration 224 -- 13.3.5.2 Subscriber Data Storage 224 -- 13.3.5.3 Subscriber Data Request 224 -- 13.3.6 Benefits of Proposed Design 225 -- 13.3.7 Security Requirements 226 -- 13.4 Summary 227 -- References 227 -- 14 A Secure Data-Sharing Blockchain-Based Crowdfunding Sys ...