Acknowledgments -- List of Acronyms -- Introduction xxxiii Thierry PHULPIN -- Part 1 Meteorology -- Introduction to Part 1 3 Hervé ROQUET -- Chapter 1 Operational Sounding of Thermodynamic Variables in the Atmosphere 9 Thomas AUGUST -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Operational use of TIR and MW sounders -- 1.2.1 Satisfying ever-more demanding users -- 1.2.2 Clouds: an obstacle to sounding and a very useful geophysical product -- 1.2.3 Demonstrating and maintaining product quality -- 1.2.4 Different operational algorithmic strategies -- 1.2.5 Application perspectives -- 1.3 Acknowledgments -- 1.4 References -- Chapter 2 Wind Observations 31 Régis BORDE and Jean PAILLEUX -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 AMVs -- 2.2.1 Extraction of AMVs -- 2.2.2 Current production and outlook -- 2.3 3D winds derived from hyperspectral sounders -- 2.4 Measuring wind from space using Doppler lidar -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Measurements from ALADIN lidar onboard Aeolus -- 2.4.3 Culmination of a long process -- 2.4.4 Situation in 2022 and outlook -- 2.5 References -- Chapter 3 Surface Variables 47 Jean-François MAHFOUF -- 3.1 Observation of the Earth's surface from space -- 3.2 Energy balances at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere -- 3.3 Ocean surfaces -- 3.3.1 Surface temperature -- 3.3.2 Surface wind -- 3.3.3 Sea ice -- 3.4 Continental surfaces -- 3.4.1 Surface temperature -- 3.4.2 Water content of soil -- 3.4.3 Surface albedo -- 3.4.4 Vegetation properties -- 3.5 Snow-covered surfaces -- 3.5.1 Spatial coverage and albedo -- 3.5.2 Equivalent water content -- 3.6 Expected changes -- 3.7 References -- Chapter 4 The Assimilation of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction Systems 69 Bill BELL, Jean-Noël THÉPAUT and John EYRE -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Early meteorological satellites -- 4.3 Assimilation of satellite soundings 1970-2000 -- 4.3.1 Early sounding instruments -- 4.3.2 Assimilation experience: 1970s -- 4.3.3 Assimilation experience: early 1980s -- 4.3.4 Problems arising in the late 1980s -- 4.4 Relevant aspects of data assimilation theory -- 4.5 The modern era (2000 to present) -- 4.5.1 Assimilation strategies -- 4.5.2 Advanced infrared sounders -- 4.5.3 Microwave sounders and imagers -- 4.5.4 Radiative transfer modeling -- 4.5.5 Observation uncertainties -- 4.5.6 Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) -- 4.5.7 Scatterometers -- 4.5.8 Radio occultation observations -- 4.5.9 Impacts -- 4.5.10 Reanalyses -- 4.6 Summary and conclusion -- 4.7 References -- Chapter 5 Nowcasting 97 Thibaut MONTMERLE -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Satellite data for nowcasting -- 5.2.1 Polar-orbiting satellites -- 5.2.2 Geostationary satellites -- 5.3 Observed phenomena -- 5.3.1 Air mass instability -- 5.3.2 Convective systems -- 5.3.3 Characteristics of clouds -- 5.3.4 Hydrometeors -- 5.3.5 Wind -- 5.4 Nowcasting of detected phenomena -- 5.4.1 Method based on the tracking of structures -- 5.4.2 Method based on image extrapolation -- 5.4.3 Method based on artificial intelligence -- 5.4.4 Use of numerical forecasting -- 5.4.5 OBS-NWP fusion -- 5.4.6 Probabilistic forecast -- 5.5 Perspectives -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6 Observation and Monitoring of Tropical Cyclones from Space 119 Frank ROUX -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Visible and infrared imagery -- 6.3 Microwave imaging -- 6.4 Microwave sounding -- 6.5 Surface wind measurements -- viii Satellites for Atmospheric Sciences -- 6.6 Ocean parameters -- 6.7 Climatology of cyclones -- 6.8 Conclusion -- 6.9 References -- Part 2 Atmospheric Composition -- Introduction to Part 2 Air Composition and the Contribution from Satellite Observations 139 Thierry PHULPIN and Claude CAMY-PEYRET -- Chapter 7 Reactive Tropospheric Chemistry 143 Sarah SAFIEDDINE and Camille VIATTE -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methane -- 7.3 Reactive organic species -- 7.3.1 Isoprene -- 7.3.2 Other non-methane volatile organic compounds -- 7.4 Reactive inorganic species -- 7.5 Conclusion -- 7.6 Acknowledgment -- 7.7 References -- Chapter 8 Major Pollutants: Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter 153 Juan CUESTA and Gaëlle DUFOUR -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Tropospheric ozone -- 8.2.1 Beginnings of satellite-based tropospheric ozone observations -- 8.2.2 Current capabilities for tropospheric ozone monitoring -- 8.2.3 Multi-wavelength synergy for ozone pollution monitoring -- 8.3 Pollution aerosols -- 8.3.1 Optical thickness of pollution aerosols -- 8.3.2 Altitude of pollution aerosols -- 8.4 References -- Chapter 9 Desert Dust 167 Juan CUESTA -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Qualitative satellite detection of desert dust -- 9.3 Satellite observation of the optical depth of desert dust -- 9.4 Vertical profiles of desert dust by spaceborne lidar -- 9.5 3D distribution of desert dust by infrared spectrometer -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 References -- Chapter 10 Species Emitted by Fires 179 Camille VIATTE and Pasquale SELLITTO -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biomass burning gases -- 10.2.1 Greenhouses gases -- 10.2.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) -- 10.2.3 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) -- 10.2.4 Ammonia (NH3) -- 10.2.5 Nitrous acid (HONO) -- 10.3 Biomass burning aerosols -- 10.3.1 AOD observations with nadir-viewing instruments -- 10.3.2 Extinction observations with limb-viewing instruments -- 10.3.3 Lidar profiles observations -- 10.4 Fire detection systems from space -- 10.5 Conclusion -- 10.6 Acknowledgments -- 10.7 References -- Chapter 11 Stratospheric Chemistry 189 Claude CAMY-PEYRET and Sarah SAFIEDDINE -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Stratospheric ozone chemistry -- 11.2.1 Polar ozone depletion -- 11.2.2 Antarctic ozone distribution -- 11.2.3 Arctic ozone distribution -- 11.3 Stratospheric chemistry of other species -- 11.3.1 Chemistry of the stratosphere and models -- 11.3.2 Radical processes and cycles for the major families -- 11.3.3 The example of methane in the stratosphere -- 11.4 Satellite measurements of trace species in the stratosphere -- 11.5 Conclusion -- 11.6 Acknowledgments -- 11.7 References -- Part 3 Atmosphere and climate -- Introduction to Part 3 Atmosphere and Climate and the Contribution of Space 205 Paul POLI -- Chapter 12 Climate Monitoring 209 Paul POLI and Jörg SCHULZ -- 12.1 General concepts about the climate -- 12.1.1 What is climate? -- 12.1.2 Is climate limited to atmospheric phenomena? -- 12.1.3 A question for Nobel Prize laureates: is the climate stable? -- 12.2 From space-based measurements to climate products -- 12.2.1 Sensing the environment -- 12.2.2 The role of space-based observations -- 12.2.3 The concept of essential climate variables -- 12.2.4 Observation-based products -- 12.2.5 Model-assisted climate products -- 12.3 Climate data records and uncertainty estimates -- 12.3.1 Why reprocessing? -- 12.3.2 Calibration -- 12.3.3 Uncertainty -- 12.4 The usage of climate data records in science and services -- 12.5 Looking ahead -- 12.6 References -- 12.7 References of the data sources cited in Figure 12.1 -- Chapter 13 Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases: CO2 and CH4 235 Cyril CREVOISIER -- 13.1 Monitoring anthropogenic greenhouse gases -- 13.1.1 Biogeochemical cycles -- 13.1.2 Determination of gas sources and sinks -- 13.1.3 The global observation network -- 13.2 Contribution of spatial observation of greenhouse gases -- 13.2.1 Specificities of greenhouse gas observation -- 13.2.2 Particularly rich spatial programming -- 13.3 Measurement techniques -- 13.3.1 Passive observations in the infrared range -- 13.3.2 Passive observations by solar reflection -- 13.3.3 Passive observations by solar occultation -- 13.3.4 Active observations using lidar -- 13.4 From radiation measurement to gas flux at the surface -- 13.4.1 From radiation measurement to gas concentrations -- 13.4.2 From concentration to fluxes -- 13.4.3 Main limitations -- 13.5 Challenges for the future -- 13.5.1 Towards the observation of anthropogenic emissions by spatial imagery -- 13.5.2 Reducing spatio-temporal sampling biases -- 13.5.3 Towards an operational greenhouse gas monitoring service -- 13.6 References -- Chapter 14 Clouds and Water Vapor 259 Hélène BROGNIEZ, Laurence PICON and Dominique BOUNIOL -- 14.1 Atmospheric water cycle and climate.

> 14.2 Observations of water vapor -- 14.2.1 Passive sensors -- 14.2.2 Active sensors -- 14.2.3 Homogenization and intercomparison -- 14.3 Observation of cloud properties -- 14.3.1 Observations using passive instruments -- 14.3.2 Observations using active instruments -- 14.3.3 Multi-instrument synergy for the establishment of cloud climatologies -- 14.4 References -- Chapter 15 Precipitation 287 Vincenzo LEVIZZANI and Christopher KIDD -- 15.1 Need for global precipitation measurements -- 15.2 Satellite observation of rainfall -- 15.2.1 Visible/Infrared -- 15.2.2 Passive microwave -- 15.2.3 Radar -- 15.2.4 Merged products -- 15.3 Observation of solid precipitation -- 15.4 Precipitation and the Earth water cycle -- 15.5 References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 309 Claude CAMY-PEYRET -- Appendix 2 317 Claude CAMY-PEYRET -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Glossary -- List of Authors -- Index -- Summary of Volume 1.