Preface -- Part 1 General -- 1 History of Nanoparticles 3 Keshava L. Jetha, Arya Vyas, Divya Teli, Amit Chaudhari, Riyansi Satasiya, Vishwa Patel, Shailvi Soni, Shail Modi and Vasso Apostolopoulos -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of Nanoparticles -- 1.3 Modern Development of Nanoparticles -- 1.4 Type of Nanoparticles -- 1.5 Properties of Nanoparticles -- 1.6 Importance of Nanoparticles -- 1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospect -- 2 Composition of Nanoparticles 25 Amit Chaudhari, Palak Vadodariya, Arya Vyas, Disha Patel and Divya Teli -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of Nanoparticles -- 2.3 Composition of Nanoparticles -- 2.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 2.5 Nanoparticle Characterization by Various Instrumental Techniques -- 2.6 Understanding Nanotoxicity: Potential Risks and Implications -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 Nanotechnology and Vaccine Development 63 Keshava L. Jetha, Praful D. Bharadia and Manish P. Patel -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Overview of Vaccine Development -- 3.3 Advantages of Nanoparticles in Vaccine Delivery -- 3.4 Types of Nanoparticles as Vaccine Carriers -- 3.5 Development of Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine -- 3.6 Adjuvants and their Role in Vaccine Development -- 3.7 Nanoscale Adjuvants -- 3.8 Advantages -- 3.9 Techniques for Nanoscale Adjuvants -- 3.10 Route of Administration for Vaccines -- 3.11 Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Vaccines -- 3.12 The Regulatory Perspective of Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine Development -- 3.13 Future Prospects -- 3.14 Conclusion -- 4 Nanoparticle Formulations: A Sustainable Approach to Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Products 95 Amandeep Singh, Shreni Parikh, Nutan Sethi, Sachin Patel, Nrupal Modi and Kaushika Patel -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Preparation of Nanoparticles -- 4.4 Factors Affecting Selection of Method -- 4.5 Polymers Used in NP Formulation -- 4.6 Nanoparticle Formulations Based on Biodegradable Polymers -- 4.7 Nanoparticle Formulations Based on Non-Biodegradable Polymers -- 4.8 Nanoparticle Formulations Based on Natural Polymers -- 4.9 Challenges in NPs from Laboratory to Industrial Scale-Up -- 4.10 Nanoparticle-Based Approved & Marketed Formulations -- 4.11 Future Aspects & Conclusion -- 5 Nanoparticle Properties: Size, Shape, Charge, Inertness, Efficacy, Morphology 153 Kajal P. Baviskar, Brijesh M. Shah, Anjali P. Bedse, Shilpa S. Raut, Suchita P. Dhamane and Dhara J. Dave -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Applications of Nanoparticle Formulations -- 5.3 Interaction with Cells -- 5.4 Properties of Nanoparticles -- 5.5 Role of Physicochemical Properties in Nanoparticle Toxicity -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Part 2 Nanoparticles to Deliver Antigen -- 6 Viral Vector-Based Nanoparticles 195 Suneetha Vuppu, Vivek P. Chavda, Toshika Mishra, Oishani Sengupta, Anand Sairam, Paridhi Soni, Mohit Joshi, Bhumi Bhalodiya and Raj -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Characteristics of Viral Vector-Based Nanoparticles -- 6.3 Applications -- 6.4 Novel Advancements in Applications of Viral Nanoparticles -- 6.5 Limitations and Prospects of Viral Vector-Based Nanoparticle Approach -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 7 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 241 Sunny Shah, Hardik Madhu, Moinuddin Soniwala, Dhaval Mori, Amit Vyas, Advaita Chauhan and Bhupendra Prajapati -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- 7.3 Synthesis of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- 7.4 Characterization of Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.5 Applications of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Vaccines -- 7.6 Challenges and Future Directions -- 7.7 Conclusion -- 8 Nanoparticle-Based mRNA Vaccines: Are We One Step Closer to Targeted Cancer Therapy? 275 Lakshmi Vineela Nalla, Siva Nageswararao Gajula and Vivek P. Chavda -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Use of mRNA in Vaccines: Advantages and Challenges -- 8.3 How Do mRNA Vaccines Work? -- 8.4 Nanocarriers for mRNA Delivery -- 8.5 Nanoparticle-Based mRNA Vaccines in Cancer Therapy -- 8.6 Clinical Trials -- 8.7 Conclusion -- 9 Protein Delivery by Nanoparticles 305 Harshita Gauraha, Ankita Bhadoriya, Rupesh K. Gautam and Dinesh Kumar Mishra -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Major Challenges in Protein Delivery -- 9.3 Nanotechnology -- 9.4 Nanoparticles -- 9.5 Methods of Preparation -- 9.6 Nanoformulations Available for Protein and Peptide Delivery -- 9.7 Clinical Trials and Market-Approved Nanoparticles -- 9.8 Characterization of Protein Nanoparticles -- 9.9 Applications of Protein Nanoparticles -- 9.10 Conclusion -- 9.11 Future Developments -- Part 3 Route of Administration -- 10 Oral Vaccine Delivery: Current Status 347 Pankti C. Balar, Vidhi A. Modh, Sanjay P. Chauhan, Hetvi K. Solanki, Rajeshkumar K. Patel, Dasharath M. Patel and Maharshi B. Padya -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Need for Oral Vaccines -- 10.3 Nanoparticles as an Oral Vaccine Delivery System -- 10.4 Advantages of Oral Nanovaccines -- 10.5 Drawbacks and Disadvantages of Oral Nanovaccines -- 10.6 Barriers in Oral Vaccines Delivery -- 10.7 Currently Licensed Oral Vaccines -- 10.8 Descriptions of Licensed Oral Vaccines -- 10.9 Conclusion and Future Prospect -- 11 Nanovaccines for Mucosal Immunity 367 Shashi Kiran Misra, Anupria Kapoor and Kamla Pathak -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mucosal Immunity -- 11.3 Nanovaccine Formulations -- 11.4 Future Perspectives -- 11.5 Conclusion -- 12 Nanovaccine via Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, and Intradermal Routes 405 Dixa A. Vaghela, Maharshi Bhailalbhai Pandya, Pooja M. Parmar, Sanjay P. Chauhan, Akta Vaishnav, Rajeshkumar K. Patel, Dasharath M. Patel, Vidhi Ankit Modh and Mihir K. Raval -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.3 Introduction to the Route of Administration -- 12.4 Comparable Adaptive Immune Response After IM, SC, and ID Routes -- 12.5 Marketed Formulation -- 12.6 Challenges of Vaccine Delivery -- 12.7 Conclusion -- Part 4 Application and Advances -- 13 Nanovaccines for Veterinary Applications 425 Suneetha Vuppu, Vivek P. Chavda, Toshika Mishra, Swati Punetha, Nikita Sharma, Sathvika Kamaraj and Raj -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Nanovaccines and Immune Response -- 13.3 Vaccine Production -- 13.4 Veterinary Applications of Nanovaccines -- 13.5 Comparative Analysis of Animal Vaccines, Nanovaccines, and Edible Vaccines -- 13.6 Regulation of Vaccine Production Process -- 13.7 New Approaches -- 13.8 Applications of Different Polymer-Based Nanoparticles -- 13.9 Future Prospects -- 13.10 Conclusion -- 14 Regulatory Pathways for Nanocarrier Vaccine 465 Niva Rani Gogoi, Rajashri Bezbaruah, Vishwa Patel, Riyansi Satasia, Bedanta Bhattacharjee and Bhaskar Mazumder -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Need for a Regulatory Framework -- 14.3 Regulatory Requirements for the Manufacturing of NVs -- 14.4 Clinically Approved Nanocarrier Vaccines -- 14.5 Regulatory Challenges -- 14.6 Global Strategies for Clinical Approval -- 14.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Index.