Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1.1 What is Open RAN -- 1.2 O-Ran Alliance -- 1.3 Open RAN Driving Forces -- References -- 2 Open RAN Market Drivers -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Reduction of RAN Total Cost of Ownership -- 2.2.1 The Role of Total Cost of Ownership -- 2.2.2 Entry of New Vendors -- 2.2.3 RAN Cloudification -- 2.2.4 RAN Programmability -- 2.3 O- RAN Network Optimization Enablers -- 2.4 Open RAN Challenges -- 2.4.1 Survey: The Biggest Barriers in Deploying Open RAN -- 2.4.2 Security in Open RAN -- 2.4.3 Vendor Interoperability, System Integration, and Maintenance -- 2.4.4 Cloud Native Implementation of CU and DU -- References -- 3 Open RAN Stakeholders -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Open RAN Operators -- 3.2.1 AT&T -- 3.2.2 Rakuten Mobile -- 3.2.3 Vodafone -- 3.2.4 1&1 Drillisch -- 3.2.5 MoU Group of Operators -- 3.2.6 DISH Wireless -- 3.2.7 Deutsche Telekom -- 3.2.8 Verizon -- 3.2.9 NTT DOCOMO -- 3.3 Open RAN Vendors -- 3.4 O-Ran Alliance -- 3.4.1 O-RAN ALLIANCE History -- 3.4.2 The Structure of O- RAN ALLIANCE -- 3.4.3 O-RAN Releases -- 3.4.4 O-RAN Certification and Badging Program -- 3.4.5 Open Testing and Integration Centers (OTICs) -- 3.4.6 O-RAN Software Community -- 3.4.7 PlugFests -- 3.5 Telecom Infrastructure Project (TIP) -- 3.6 ACCoRD Consortium -- 3.7 Open RAN Policy Coalition -- 3.8 Support from Governments -- References -- 4 Open RAN Ecosystem Evolution -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Technology -- 4.2.1 Standardization -- 4.2.1.1 O-RAN Specifications Releases -- 4.2.1.2 Open Fronthaul -- 4.2.1.3 O-Cloud -- 4.2.1.4 A1 and E2 Interfaces -- 4.2.2 Open RAN Products -- 4.2.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2.2 Ericsson -- 4.2.2.3 Nokia -- 4.2.2.4 Samsung -- 4.2.2.5 Rakuten -- 4.2.2.6 NEC -- 4.2.2.7 Fujitsu -- 4.2.2.8 Open RAN Software Vendors -- 4.2.2.9 Open RAN Chipset and Accelerator Vendors -- 4.2.3 Interoperability and Testing -- 4.3 Deployments -- References -- 5 Open RAN Architecture -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 5.1 O-RAN Logical Architecture -- 5.1.1 Additional RAN Split -- 5.1.2 RAN Programmability -- 5.1.3 Integrated Cloud Management -- 5.2 Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) -- 5.3 Non-RT RIC: Non- Real- Time RAN Intelligent Controller -- 5.4 Near-RT RIC: Near- Real- Time RAN Intelligent Controller -- 5.5 RAN Nodes and RAN Components -- 5.6 O-Cloud -- 5.7 Reference Points (Interfaces) -- 5.8 O-RAN High- Level Architecture -- References -- 6 Non-Real-Time RAN Programming -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 SMO and Non-RT RIC in O-RAN Architecture -- 6.2.1 Service Management and Orchestration Framework (SMO) -- 6.2.2 Non-Real-Time Radio Intelligent Controller (Non- RT RIC) -- 6.2.3 rApps Hosted in Non- RT RIC; R1 Interface -- 6.3 A1 Interface -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Basics of A1 Interface REST Realization -- 6.3.3 A1 Policy Management Service (A1- P) -- 6.3.4 The Structure of A1 Policy -- 6.3.5 Policy Scope -- 6.3.6 Policy Objectives -- 6.3.7 Policy Resource Statement -- 6.3.8 Example of A1 Policy -- 6.3.9 A1 Policy Service Operations and Procedures -- 6.3.9.1 Introduction -- 6.3.9.2 Create Policy and Update Policy Operations -- 6.3.9.3 Query Policy Operation -- 6.3.9.4 Delete Policy Operation -- 6.3.9.5 Query Policy Status Operation -- 6.3.9.6 Notify Policy Status Change Operation -- 6.4 A1 Enrichment Information Service -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 EI Job Creation -- 6.4.3 A1-EI Resource Identifiers and Operations -- References -- 7 Real-Time RAN Programming -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Near- RT RIC in the O-RAN Architecture -- 7.3 E2 General Aspects and Principles -- 7.4 RIC Functional Procedures -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 RIC Subscription Procedure -- 7.4.2.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2.2 RIC Subscription Attributes -- 7.4.3 RIC Indication Procedure -- 7.4.4 RIC Control Procedure -- 7.4.5 RIC Query Procedure -- 7.5 E2 Services -- 7.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2 E2 Services Modeling Scheme -- 7.5.2.1 Selection of Formats and RAN Parameters -- 7.5.2.2 Selection of IE Formats and RAN Parameters for Event Trigger Definitions -- 7.5.3 Event Triggers -- 7.5.4 REPORT Service -- 7.5.4.1 Introduction -- 7.5.4.2 Reported Network Data Categories -- 7.5.4.3 REPORT Service Procedures -- 7.5.4.4 E2 Service Models for REPORT: E2SM-KPM and E2SM-RC -- 7.5.5 INSERT Service -- 7.5.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.5.2 INSERT Service Procedures -- 7.5.5.3 E2SM-RC Service Model for INSERT -- 7.5.6 CONTROL Service -- 7.5.6.1 Introduction -- 7.5.6.2 E2 Service Models for CONTROL -- 7.5.7 POLICY Service -- 7.5.7.1 Introduction -- 7.5.7.2 POLICY Service Procedures -- 7.5.7.3 E2SM-RC (RAN Control) POLICY Model -- 7.5.7.4 Policy Approach "Control" Example -- 7.5.7.5 Policy Approach "Offset" Example -- 7.5.8 QUERY Service -- 7.6 Other E2 Service Models: E2SM-CCC -- 7.7 Example of CONNECTED State Mobility Solution with INSERT/CONTROL -- 7.8 Near-RT RIC Internal Architecture, xApps -- 7.8.1 Introduction -- 7.8.2 APIs for Support of xApps -- References -- 8 RAN Decomposition and Cloudification -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Open Fronthaul (OFH) Interface -- 8.2.1 Introduction -- 8.2.2 O-DU/O-RU Functional Split -- 8.2.3 Data Flow Over OFH Interface -- 8.2.4 OFH Protocol Architecture -- 8.2.4.1 Transport: eCPRI or RoE -- 8.2.4.2 C-Plane and U-Plane Application Layer -- 8.2.4.3 S-Plane -- 8.3 O-Cloud Platform -- 8.3.1 O-Cloud Architecture -- 8.3.2 Infrastructure Management Services -- 8.3.3 Deployment Management Services -- 8.4 Cloud Deployment Scenarios -- 8.4.1 Classification of Deployment Scenarios -- 8.4.2 Overview of Selected Deployment Scenarios -- 8.5 Hardware Acceleration -- 8.5.1 Introduction -- 8.5.2 Acceleration Abstraction Layer (AAL) -- 8.5.3 AAL Profile -- 8.5.4 AAL Interface API -- 8.5.4.1 Introduction -- 8.5.4.2 AALI-C-Mgmt: Common Administrative Operations/Actions/ Events -- 8.5.4.3 AALI-C-App: Common Operations/Actions/Events -- References -- 9 Network Automation in O-RAN -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 9.1 Introduction. SON Solutions Defined in 3GPP -- 9.2 Basics of Network Optimization in O-RAN -- 9.3 Traffic Steering Use Case -- 9.4 QoS-Based Resource Optimization Use Case -- 9.5 RAN Slice SLA Assurance Use Case -- 9.6 Context-based Dynamic Handover Management for V2X Use Case -- 9.7 QoE Optimization Use Case -- 9.8 NSSI Resource Optimization Use Case -- References -- 10 O-RAN Management -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 O1 Interface -- 10.2.1 Introduction -- 10.2.2 OAM Architecture -- 10.2.3 Management Services in the O-RAN Architecture -- 10.2.3.1 Introduction -- 10.2.3.2 Provisioning Management Services -- 10.2.3.3 Fault Supervision Management Services -- 10.2.3.4 Performance Assurance Management Services -- 10.2.3.5 Trace Management Services -- 10.2.3.6 Other Management Services -- 10.2.4 Use Cases Supported in the O-RAN Operations and Maintenance Architecture -- 10.2.5 O-RAN Management Information Models -- 10.3 Open Fronthaul Management -- 10.3.1 M-Plane Architecture -- 10.3.2 M-Plane Functional Description -- References -- 11 AI/ML Support in O-RAN Architecture -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Control Loops -- 11.3 AI/ML Model Lifecycle -- 11.4 AI/ML Model Deployment Scenarios -- 11.5 Reinforcement Learning -- 11.6 Federated Learning -- References -- Index.