Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Physical Ability Testing -- 1.1 The Physical Ability Test -- 1.2 Impact of PATs on Safety -- 1.3 Qualifications to Perform a Physical Ability Test -- 1.4 Essential Job Functions -- The Foundation of the PAT Program -- 1.5 Types of PATs -- 1.6 Contents of a Post-offer PAT -- 1.7 The Basic Design of the PAT Protocol -- 1.8 The Predictive Value of a PAT -- Relation to "Direct Threat" Defense -- 1.9 Benefits of Physical Ability Testing -- 1.10 PAT vs Functional Capacity Evaluation -- 1.11 Validity of Effort During Functional Testing -- Chapter 2: Assessing Physical Ability to Work -- 2.1 Assessing the Gap Between Physical Ability and Work Demands -- 2.2 Employment Medical Examinations -- 2.3 Assessing Risk, Capacity, and Tolerance to Work -- 2.3.1 Assessing Work Risk -- 2.3.2 Assessing Work Capacity -- 2.3.3 Assessing Work Tolerance -- 2.4 Assessing Impact of Impairments and Disability on Work Ability -- 2.5 Lift Strength Capacity Tests -- 2.5.1 Isometric Lift Tests -- 2.5.2 Isokinetic Lift Tests -- 2.5.3 Dynamic Lift Tests -- 2.6 Cardiopulmonary Tests to Determine Work Fitness -- 2.7 Limitations of Medical Imaging for Assessing Physical Ability to Work -- Chapter 3: Avoiding Employment Discrimination -- 3.1 Employment Discrimination -- Responsibilities of Employer and Evaluator -- 3.2 Discrimination Based on Disparate Impact of a PAT -- 3.3 PAT Compliance with Antidiscrimination Laws -- 3.4 Disparate Impact and the Four-fifths Rule -- 3.5 Discrimination Related to Disability -- ADA and ADAAA -- 3.6 Discrimination Related to Drugs -- 3.7 Discrimination Related to Obesity -- 3.7.1 Addressing Obesity with PATs -- 3.8 Discrimination Related to Pregnancy -- 3.8.1 The Risks of Physical Ability Testing During Pregnancy.

3.8.2 Recommended Lifting Limits During Uncomplicated Pregnancies -- 3.8.3 Lifting Thresholds for Pregnant Workers -- 3.8.4 Accommodating Pregnancy When Administering PATs -- 3.9 Discrimination Related to Age and Gender -- 3.9.1 Age-based Disparity -- 3.9.2 Gender-based Disparity -- 3.10 Discrimination Related to Hearing Disabilities -- 3.11 Discrimination Related to Visual Disabilities -- 3.12 Discrimination Related to Artificial Intelligence -- 3.12.1 How AI Technology Can Lead to Discrimination -- 3.12.2 AI Compliance with Title VII -- 3.12.3 AI Compliance with ADA -- Chapter 4: Disability and Interactive Accommodation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Accommodation Timing and Inquiries -- 4.3 Role of the PAT in Determining Accommodations -- 4.4 Initiating an Accommodation Review -- 4.5 Verifying a Covered Disability Under the ADA -- 4.6 When an Accommodation Request Is Reasonable -- 4.7 When an Accommodation Request Is Not Reasonable -- 4.8 Disclosing Information Regarding Accommodations -- 4.9 Choosing Accommodations -- Employer vs Employee -- 4.10 Response Time to Provide Reasonable Accommodation -- 4.11 Reasonable Accommodations Related to the Hiring Process -- 4.12 Types of Accommodations Related to Performing Essential Job Functions -- 4.13 Accommodating Employees Covered by ADA and FMLA -- 4.14 Undue Hardship -- 4.15 Interactive Accommodation Review: Step-by-step Guide -- Chapter 5: Physical Demands Analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Role of Ergonomics in Determining Essential Physical Demands -- 5.3 Project Planning -- 5.4 The PDA Process -- 5.5 Assessing Postural Demands -- 5.6 Assessing Repetitive Motions -- 5.7 Assessing Lift Demands -- 5.8 Assessing Multi-person Lifts -- 5.9 Assessing Carry Demands -- 5.10 Assessing Push and Pull Demands -- 5.10.1 Assessing Push/Pull Forces on Operating Valves -- 5.11 Assessing Climbing Demands.

5.12 Assessing EE Demands -- 5.13 Assessing Balance and Coordination Demands -- 5.14 Assessing Vibration Exposure Demands -- 5.15 Assessing Vision and Hearing Demands -- 5.16 Assessing Environmental Demands -- 5.17 Summary of PDA Steps -- 5.18 The PDA Questionnaire -- 5.19 Memorializing and Maintaining Current PDA Data -- 5.19.1 Role for Healthcare Providers -- 5.19.2 Defining Essential Functions -- 5.19.3 Report Format and Level of Detail -- 5.19.4 Required Report Elements -- 5.19.5 Review and Finalization Process -- 5.19.6 Ongoing Updates -- 5.19.7 Organizational Structure of the FJD -- Chapter 6: Validating Physical Ability Tests -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures and Test Validation -- 6.2.1 In summary -- 6.3 Fairness of Testing and Disparate (Adverse) Impact -- 6.3.1 Determining Disparate (Adverse) Impact of Test -- The "Four-fifths Rule -- 6.4 Work Environment Factors That Threaten Validity and Reliability -- 6.5 Testing Errors That Threaten Reliability -- 6.6 The Three Basic Methods for Validating PATs -- 6.6.1 Establishing Content Validity -- 6.6.1.1 Steps for Conducting a Content Validation of a PAT -- 6.6.2 Establishing Criterion-related Validity -- 6.6.2.1 Types of Criterion-based Validity -- 6.6.2.2 Steps for Conducting a Criterion-related Validation of a PAT -- 6.6.2.3 Summary -- 6.6.3 Establishing Construct Validity -- 6.6.3.1 Steps for Conducting a Construct Validation of a PAT -- 6.7 Combining Content and Criterion-related Validity -- 6.8 Cost and Time Involved with Content Validation vs Criterion-related Validation -- 6.9 Summary of Key Differences in Validation Approaches -- 6.10 Legal Challenges to Validated Physical Ability Tests -- 6.11 Steps Employers Can Take to Defend Against Legal Challenges -- 6.12 Unacceptable Evidence for Validity.

6.13 Maintaining Ongoing Validity of a PAT Program -- 6.14 References That Support the Validation Process -- Chapter 7: Policies and Procedures for Test Evaluators -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Role and Obligations of the Evaluator -- 7.3 Liability Considerations for Evaluators Administering PATs -- 7.4 Creation of PAT Protocols -- 7.5 Standardization of the Test Environment -- 7.6 Space and Equipment Requirements -- 7.7 Timing of Medical Inquiries -- 7.8 Qualifications for Administering a PAT -- 7.9 Verification of Identity of Test Recipient and PAT Protocol -- 7.10 Medical Consent and HIPAA Release Forms -- 7.11 Medical Inquiries and Health Questionnaires -- 7.12 Monitoring Heart Rate and Blood Pressure -- 7.12.1 Pretest Recordings -- 7.12.2 Monitoring Vitals During Testing -- 7.13 Conducting the Physical Examination -- 7.14 Accommodating Testing for Pregnant Individuals -- 7.15 Assessing Symptomatic Test Recipients -- 7.16 Assessing Test Recipients Taking Pain Medications -- 7.17 Performing Physical Ability Tests -- 7.17.1 Nonmaterial Handling Functional Tests -- 7.17.1.1 Hand Dexterity Test -- 7.17.1.2 Postural Tolerance Test -- 7.17.1.3 Walking Test -- 7.17.1.4 Stair Climbing Test -- 7.17.1.5 Crawling Test -- 7.17.2 Material Handling Functional Tests -- 7.17.2.1 Lift Test -- 7.17.2.2 Standardizing the Lift -- 7.17.3 Progressive Dynamic Lift Test Methodology -- 7.17.4 Policy for Lift Boxes -- 7.17.5 Lift Test Policy for Assessing Target or Maximum Lift Capacity -- 7.17.6 Performing Multiple Dynamic Lift Tests -- The "Top-down" Method -- 7.17.7 Carry Test -- 7.17.8 Push-Pull Tests -- 7.17.9 Isokinetic and Isometric Lift Tests -- 7.18 Testing with Physician-imposed Functional Restrictions -- 7.19 Scoring Test Outcomes -- Pass/Fail Determinations -- 7.20 Discharge and Release -- 7.21 PAT Outcome Notification.

Chapter 8: PAT Policies and Procedures for Employers -- 8.1 Creation of a Policies and Procedures (P& -- P) for Physical Ability Testing -- 8.2 Identification of the P& -- P Document -- 8.3 Key Operational Definitions -- 8.4 Purpose and Objectives -- 8.5 Scope -- 8.6 Eligibility and Applicability -- 8.7 Accommodating Test Procedures -- 8.8 Test Design and Content -- 8.9 Medical Hold -- 8.10 Pass/Fail Determination -- 8.11 Validation -- 8.11.1 Validation of Essential Job Functions -- 8.11.2 Validation of the PAT Protocol -- 8.11.3 Monitoring Test Outcomes for Disparate Impact -- 8.12 Assignment of PAT Program Responsibilities -- 8.13 Qualifications of Test Evaluators -- 8.14 Medical Inquiries -- 8.15 Test Notifications and Instructions -- 8.16 Conditional Job Offer Acknowledgment -- 8.17 Process for Acquiring Test Results -- 8.18 Drug Testing -- 8.19 Pain Medications -- 8.20 Compliance with Medication-assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder -- 8.21 Identification of Disability and Accommodations -- 8.22 Returning from Extended Medical Leave and FMLA -- 8.23 PATs Following FMLA Leave -- 8.24 Medical Hold and Release Requirements -- 8.25 Pregnancy -- 8.26 Epilepsy/Seizure Disorders -- 8.27 Retesting -- 8.28 Addressing Conflicting Medical Opinions Regarding Work Ability -- 8.29 Addressing Employee-Doctor Conflict with Imposed Work Restrictions -- 8.30 Accommodations for Language Impaired, Mute, Deaf, and Blind Job Applicants -- 8.31 Interactive Accommodation Review Following Test Failure -- 8.32 Denial of Employment/Withdrawal of a Conditional Job Offer -- 8.33 Artificial Intelligence in Hiring -- 8.34 Data Management and Confidentiality -- 8.35 Monitoring Program Effectiveness -- 8.36 Final Approval and Signatures -- Chapter 9: Legal History of Occupational Health Protection -- 9.1 Introduction.