Front Cover -- Nitrogen Assessment -- Nitrogen Assessment Pakistan as a Case-Study -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1 -- Rethinking nitrogen use: need to plan beyond present -- 1.1 Reactive nitrogen: a global challenge -- 1.2 Nitrogen cycle and human intervention -- 1.3 Nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture -- 1.4 Pakistan N budget: past, present, and future perspectives -- 1.5 Global attention toward nitrogen challenge -- 1.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- Further reading -- 2 -- Sources of nitrogen for crop growth: Pakistan's case -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Organic sources of nitrogen -- 2.2.1 Farmyard manure -- 2.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation -- 2.2.3 Green manuring -- 2.2.4 Crop residues -- 2.2.5 Poultry waste -- 2.2.6 Sewage sludge -- 2.3 Synthetic sources of nitrogen for crops -- 2.3.1 Urea -- 2.3.2 Diammonium phosphate -- 2.3.3 Nitrophos -- 2.3.4 Calcium ammonium nitrate -- 2.4 Non conventional sources of N -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Nitrogen sinks in the agro-food system of Pakistan -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Major N sinks in the agro-food systems -- 3.2.1 Plants N uptake -- 3.2.2 Livestock sector -- 3.3 Humans food as N sink -- 3.4 Atmosphere as N sink -- 3.4.1 Ammonia volatilization -- 3.4.2 Nitrogen oxides -- 3.5 Soil as N sink -- 3.6 Water resources as N sink -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 4 -- Drivers of increased nitrogen use in Pakistan -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Population -- 4.3 Food crop production -- 4.4 Feed crop production -- 4.5 Dietary patterns -- 4.6 Urbanization -- 4.7 Land use -- 4.8 Energy sector -- 4.9 Transport sector -- 4.10 Industry -- 4.11 Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- Trends in nitrogen use and development in Pakistan -- 5.1 Chemical fertilizer offtake in Pakistan -- 5.1.1 Fertilizer offtake by nutrients.