This book comprehensively reviews the recent advancements in apoptosis research and evaluates its therapeutic targets and strategies in controlling various human diseases. The initial chapter presents the molecular components that regulate apoptosis and its importance for pathogenic processes. The subsequent chapters discuss the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in apoptosis induction and inhibition. The book also examines the role of mitochondria-driven apoptosis and therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondria-mediated cell death. Further, the book discusses the role of apoptosis in different diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, reproductive disorders, and infertility. Towards the end, the book outlines the recent advances in the field of apoptosis-based therapies and explores some highlights of a very active field of drug development. This book is useful for the researchers involved in designing and developing new drugs and drug targets for the treatment of different human diseases.