The two-volume set LNCS 15406 and 15407 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th Russian Supercomputing Days International Conference, RuSCDays 2024, held in Moscow, Russia, during September 2024. The 43 full papers presented in these two volumes were carefully reviewed and selected from 95 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Supercomputer Simulation; HPC, BigData, AI: Algorithms, Technologies, Evaluation Part II: Distributed Computing; HPC Education.