This book compiles a wide range of topics relevant to studying the use of both innovative and conventional plant breeding methods to develop new varieties of leaf, fruit and seed fiber crops under various environmental conditions for sustainable fiber production. The book contains 21 chapters supported by 182 color figures and 70 tables. The chapters are grouped into three parts. Part I, subtitled Leaf Fiber Crops, covers the genera Musa, Agave, Trifolium, Phoenix, Hyphaene, Ananas, Metroxylon, Arenga, and Yucca. Part II, subtitled Fruit Fiber Crops, covers the genera Citrus, Cocos, and Elaeis. Part III, subtitled Seed Fiber Crops, covers the genera Gossypium and Ceiba. Each chapter discusses breeding techniques for specific species or a group of related species. Topics covered include current cultivation methods and challenges, biodiversity, germplasm conservation, breeding methods including conventional, molecular, tissue culture, genetic engineering, gene editing, hybridization, and mutation breeding. Each chapter concludes with future research directions and a comprehensive list of references for further reading. Sixty-nine globally recognized scientists from 12 different nations contributed to the chapters based on their expertise in the subject. The chapters underwent a thorough review process to ensure scientific accuracy and presentation quality. The book is a valuable resource for professional plant breeders and geneticists, researchers, entrepreneurs, and graduate students who are interested in biotechnology, molecular breeding, and agriculture.