Front cover -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Table of Contents -- Part I -- Fundamental Issues and Methods in Nutritional Neuroscience -- Chapter 1 -- Human Nutritional Neuroscience: Fundamental Issues -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Food Constituents that Affect Human Behavior -- 1.3 Experimental Control -- 1.3.1 Use of Double-Blind Procedures and Placeboes -- 1.3.2 Dose-Response Designs -- 1.3.3 Consistency and Control of the Test Environment -- 1.3.4 Volunteer Motivation -- 1.3.5 Confounding Factors -- 1.4 Replication -- 1.5 Selection of Appropriate Tests -- 1.5.1 Cognitive Performance Assessment -- 1.5.2 Appropriate Use of Mood Questionnaires -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Consideration of Experimental Design for Studies in Nutritional Neuroscience -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Association of Consumption with Behavior -- 2.3 Validation of the Relationship between Nutrient and Mental Function -- 2.4 Site and Mechanisms of Action -- 2.5 Source of Nutrient -- 2.6 Optimizing the Relation between Consumption and Enhancement of Performance -- 2.7 Transfer to Clinical Trials -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Assessment of Animal Behavior -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Unconditioned Behavior -- 3.2.1 General Activity -- 3.2.2 Exploratory Activity -- 3.2.3 Motor Skills -- 3.3 Conditioned Behavior -- 3.3.1 Classical Conditioning -- 3.3.2 Operant Conditioning -- 3.3.3 Motor Learning -- 3.3.4 Simple Maze Learning -- 3.3.5 Complex Maze Learning -- 3.3.6 Morris Water Maze -- 3.3.7 Radial Arm Water Maze -- 3.4 Animal Models of Disorders -- 3.4.1 Forced Swim Test of Depression -- 3.4.2 Elevated Plus Maze Measure of Anxiety -- 3.4.3 The APP + PS1 Genetic Model of Alzheimer's Disease -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Electrophysiological Methods: Application in Nutritional Neuroscience -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.1.1 Nutritional Alterations and Brain Function -- 4.1.2 General Principles in Neural Electrophysiology -- 4.2 The Electroencephalogram (EEG) in Nutritional Neuroscience -- 4.3 Evoked Potentials and Nutrition -- 4.4 Nutrition and Cortical Spreading Depression (SD) -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II -- Macronutrients, Brain Function, and Behavior -- Chapter 5 -- Diet, Cerebral Energy Metabolism, and Psychological Functioning -- 5.1 From Meal to Starvation: The Homeostatic Control of Blood Glucose -- 5.2 Glucose Transport Molecules -- 5.3 Positron Emission Tomography -- 5.4 Does the Supply of Glucose to the Brain Match Demand? -- 5.5 Hypoglycemia -- 5.6 Glucose Sensors and Hunger -- 5.7 Insulin and the Brain -- 5.8 Glucose and Memory -- 5.9 Demands of the Task -- 5.10 Meals and Memory -- 5.11 Mechanisms Underlying Memory Improvement -- 5.12 Cerebral Metabolism and Neurodegeneration -- 5.13 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 -- The Acute Effects of Meals on Cognitive Performance -- 6.1 Why Is It Important to Study the Effects of Meals on Cognitive Behavior? -- 6.2 Variables to Consider When Investigating the Effects of Meals on Cognitive Behavior -- 6.2.1 Characteristics of the Meal -- 6.2.2 Time -- 6.2.3 Personal Characteristics -- 6.3 How Might Meals Affect Cognitive Processes? -- 6.4 Breakfast -- 6.4.1 Children -- 6.4.2 Adults -- 6.4.3 Elderly -- 6.4.4 Breakfast Type -- 6.4.5 Conclusion -- 6.5 Afternoon Meal -- 6.5.1 Children -- 6.5.2 Adults -- 6.5.3 Lunch Type -- 6.6 Snacking -- 6.6.1 Late-Morning Snack -- 6.6.2 Afternoon Snacks -- 6.6.3 Confectionery Snacks -- 6.7 Evening Meal -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Regulation of Macronutrient Preference -- Component of Food Selection -- 7.1 What is Macronutrient Preference? -- 7.2 Regulation vs. Hedonics -- 7.3 Background -- 7.3.1 Nature of Appetite.

7.3.2 The Appetite Cascade -- 7.3.3 Neural Control of Appetite -- 7.4 Nutrient-Sensitive Systems -- 7.4.1 Sensory and Cognitive Estimations -- 7.4.2 Preabsorptive Peptide Signals -- 7.4.3 Postabsorptive Nutrient Signals -- 7.4.4 Signals from Energy Storage -- 7.5 Central Mechanisms of Macronutrient Intake Stimulation -- 7.5.1 Methodological Issues -- 7.5.2 Classical Neurotransmitters -- 7.5.3 Neuropeptides -- 7.6 Functional Phenotypes -- Case Study in Human Macronutrient Selection -- 7.7 Habitual Consumers of High- and Low-Fat Foods -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Central Regulation of Feeding: Interplay between Neuroregulators -- 8.1 Opioids: Maintenance and Reward Aspects of Feeding -- 8.2 Oxytocin (OT) and Vasopressin (VP): From Satiety to Aversion -- 8.3 OT and VP as Part of a Feeding-Related Neural Network -- 8.3.1 OT/VP-Opioid Interactions -- 8.3.2 OT/VP-Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP1) Interactions -- 8.4 Pleasure-Aversion Continuum as a Consequence of Activity within a Dynamic Network -- 8.5 Orexins/Hypocretins: Feeding and Activity Modulators -- 8.6 Does Function Depend on Site of Action? -- 8.7 Neuropeptide Y: Energy-Related Feeding -- 8.8 Neuropeptide Interactions within a Network: Orexin-Urocortin and NPY-Opioid -- 8.9 Leptin and Body Fat Content -- 8.10 Neuroregulation of Feeding Behavior: Network vs. Linear Model -- 8.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Amino Acids, Brain Metabolism, Mood, and Behavior -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Tryptophan and Serotonin -- 9.2.1 Biochemical Aspects -- 9.2.2 Mood and Behavioral Aspects -- 9.2.2.1 Rationale for Acute Tryptophan Depletion Studies -- 9.2.2.2 Practical Aspects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion -- 9.2.2.3 Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion -- 9.2.2.4 Metabolic Considerations in the Clinical Use of Tryptophan -- 9.2.2.5 Side Effects in the Clinical Use of Tryptophan.

9.2.2.6 Tryptophan in Mood Disorders -- 9.2.2.7 Tryptophan, Impulsivity, Irritability, and Aggression -- 9.2.2.8 Tryptophan and Sleep -- 9.2.2.9 Effect of Tryptophan on Pain -- 9.2.2.10 Tryptophan and Food Intake -- 9.3 Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Catecholamines -- 9.3.1 Biochemical Aspects -- 9.3.2 Mood and Behavioral Aspects -- 9.3.2.1 Effects of Acute Phenylalanine/Tyrosine (APTD) Depletion -- 9.3.2.2 Effects of Tyrosine on Behavior -- 9.4 Methionine and S-Adenosylmethionine -- 9.4.1 Biochemical Aspects -- 9.4.2 Mood and Behavioral Aspects -- 9.5 Histidine and Histamine -- 9.5.1 Biochemical Aspects -- 9.5.2 Mood and Behavioral Aspects -- 9.6 Threonine and Glycine -- 9.6.1 Metabolic Aspects -- 9.6.2 Mood and Behavioral Aspects -- 9.7 Effects of Protein and Carbohydrate Meals on Brain Neurotransmitter Precursor Levels -- 9.8 Are Amino Acids Foods or Drugs? -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Modulation of Feeding Behavior by Amino Acid- Deficient Diets: Present Findings and Future Directions -- 10.1 Mechanistic Accounts of Nutrient Selection -- 10.2 Amino Acid-Deficient Diets Alter Feeding Behavior -- 10.3 Physiological and Neuroanatomical Correlates of Amino Acid Deficiency -- 10.4 Putative Mechanism for Recognition of Deficiency -- 10.5 Circuitry Mediating Behavioral Responses to Deficiency -- 10.6 Amino Acids and Food Choice -- 10.7 Simple Heuristics in the Rodent Diet? -- References -- Chapter 11 -- Role of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain and Cognitive Function: Perspective of a Developmental Psychobiologist -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Brain Development -- 11.2.1 Developmental Neurobiology -- 11.2.2 Developmental Psychobiology -- 11.2.3 Methodological Implications -- 11.2.4 Nutrition and Brain Development -- 11.3 Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LCPUFAs) in the Brain -- 11.3.1 Brain Lipids.

11.3.2 Functional Effects of LCPUFAs in the Brain -- 11.3.3 Dietary Supply of LCPUFAs and Effects on Growth and Brain Fatty Acid Composition -- 11.3.4 Sensitive Periods -- 11.4 Relationship between Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Cognitive/Behavioral Development -- 11.4.1 Studies in Infants -- 11.4.2 Dopamine Hypothesis -- 11.4.3 Delayed-Matching-to-Place as a Measure of Short-Term Memory in Animal Studies by Using the Morris Water Maze -- 11.4.4 The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat as an Animal Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) -- 11.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 -- Dietary Modulation of the Behavioral Consequences of Psychoactive Drugs -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Opiates -- 12.2.1 Nutrition and Opioid Effects on Feeding Behavior -- 12.2.2 Palatable Foods Alter the Pain-Relieving Properties of Opiate Agonists -- 12.2.3 Nutritional Variables Alter the Rewarding Actions of Opiate Drugs -- 12.2.4 Effects of Palatable Foods and Fluids on the Endogenous Opioid System -- 12.3 Central Nervous System Stimulants: Amphetamine and Cocaine -- 12.3.1 Food Deprivation Alters the Behavioral Consequences of Psychostimulants -- 12.3.2 Specific Nutrient Deficits Can Alter the Behavioral Actions of Psychostimulant Drugs -- 12.3.3 Intake of Palatable Foods Alters the Behavioral Consequences of Psychostimulants -- 12.4 Nicotine -- 12.4.1 Nicotine, Food Intake, and Body Weight -- 12.4.2 Effects of Palatable Food Intake on Nicotine Cravings -- 12.4.3 Intake of Palatable Fluids Increases Nicotine-Induced Analgesia -- 12.4.4 Nicotine, Glucose, and Cognitive Behavior -- 12.5 Marijuana -- 12.6 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) -- 12.7 Summary -- References -- Part III -- Micronutrients, Brain Function, and Behavior -- Chapter 13 -- Vitamins and Brain Function -- 13.1 Introduction.