Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Biomass - An Environmental Concern -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Biomass as an Energy Source -- 1.3 The Environmental Concern of Biomass -- 1.4 Air Pollution -- 1.4.1 Gaseous Emissions -- 1.4.2 Dust -- 1.4.3 Biomass Ash (Bottom Ash) -- 1.4.4 Fly Ash -- 1.4.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning -- 1.5 Water Use and Water Pollution -- 1.6 Impact on Soil -- 1.7 Indoor Pollution -- 1.8 Deforestation and Land Degradation -- 1.9 Health Hazards -- 1.10 Non-respiratory Illness -- 1.10.1 In Children -- 1.10.1.1 Lower Birth Weight -- 1.10.1.2 Nutritional Deficiency -- 1.10.2 Respiratory Illness in Adults -- 1.10.2.1 Interstitial Lung Disease -- 1.10.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -- 1.10.2.3 Tuberculosis -- 1.10.2.4 Lung Cancer -- 1.10.3 Non-respiratory Illness in Adults -- 1.10.3.1 Cardiovascular Disease -- 1.10.3.2 Cataracts -- 1.11 Safe Disposal of Biomass -- 1.12 The Bioeconomy of the Biomass Utilization -- 1.13 Biowaste-Derived Functional Materials -- 1.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Chemistry of Biomass -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Cellulose -- 2.3 Hemicellulose -- 2.3.1 Xylans -- 2.3.2 Mannans -- 2.3.3 Arabinogalactans -- 2.4 Pectin -- 2.4.1 Homogalacturonan -- 2.4.1.1 Rhamnogalacturonan I -- 2.4.1.2 Rhamnogalacturonan II -- 2.5 Lignin -- 2.5.1 Lignin Valorization -- 2.6 Reserve Compounds -- 2.6.1 Starch -- 2.6.2 Sucrose -- 2.6.3 Lipids -- 2.6.3.1 Fatty Acids -- 2.6.3.2 Triacylglycerols -- 2.7 Natural Compounds (Secondary Metabolites) -- 2.7.1 Terpenoids -- 2.7.2 Phenylpropanoids -- 2.7.3 Alkaloids -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Lignin from Biomass − Sources, Extraction, and Application -- 3.1 Sources -- 3.2 Extraction -- 3.2.1 Alkaline Process -- 3.2.1.1 Sulfur Processes -- 3.2.1.2 Sulfur-Free Processes -- 3.2.2 Acidic Process.

3.2.2.1 Concentrated Acid Process (Klason Process) -- 3.2.2.2 Dilute Acid Process -- 3.2.3 Solvent-Assisted Extraction Processes -- 3.2.3.1 Organosolv Process -- 3.2.3.2 Aldehyde-Assisted Process -- 3.2.3.3 GVL-Assisted Process -- 3.2.3.4 Ionic Liquid Process -- 3.2.3.5 Deep Eutectic Solvents Process -- 3.2.4 Physical-Assisted Extraction Processes -- 3.2.4.1 Milled-Wood Process -- 3.2.4.2 Microwave-Assisted Process -- 3.2.5 Enzymatic Process -- 3.3 Application -- 3.3.1 Lignin-Derived Nanomaterials -- 3.3.1.1 Biomedical Materials -- 3.3.1.2 Energy Storage Materials -- 3.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Starch from Biomass - Sources, Extraction, and Application -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Starch Source -- 4.1.2 Root and Tuber Starch Sources -- 4.1.2.1 Potato -- 4.1.2.2 Sweet Potato -- 4.1.2.3 Cassava -- 4.1.2.4 Yam -- 4.1.3 Cereal Starch Sources -- 4.1.3.1 Wheat -- 4.1.3.2 Corn -- 4.1.3.3 Rice -- 4.1.3.4 Oats -- 4.1.3.5 Barley -- 4.1.4 Nonconventional Starch Sources -- 4.1.4.1 Legumes -- 4.1.4.2 Fruits -- 4.2 Starch Extraction -- 4.2.1 Milling Process and its Effect on Starch Structure -- 4.2.1.1 Dry Milling -- 4.2.1.2 Wet Milling -- 4.2.1.3 Effect of the Milling Process on Starch Structure -- 4.2.2 Examples of Starch Extraction from Different Sources -- 4.2.2.1 Extraction of Starch from Tubers -- 4.2.2.2 Extraction of Starch from Cereals and Pulses -- 4.2.3 Nonconventionnel Extraction Techniques -- 4.2.3.1 Ultrasound-assisted Milling -- 4.2.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Starch Extraction -- 4.2.3.3 Air-Classification Assisted Milling -- 4.2.3.4 Electrostatic Separation -- 4.2.3.5 Gluten Washing -- 4.3 Starch Applications -- 4.3.1 Medical Applications -- 4.3.1.1 Drug Delivery Systems -- 4.3.1.2 Surgical Sutures -- 4.3.1.3 Bone Fixation and Regeneration -- 4.3.1.4 Tissue Adhesion -- 4.3.2 Water Treatment.

4.3.3 Agricultural Applications -- 4.3.4 Packaging Applications -- 4.3.5 Food Applications -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Recent Trends of Cashew Nutshell Liquid: Extraction, Chemistry, and Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Global Production of Cashew in the World -- 5.3 Extraction of CNSL -- 5.3.1 Thermal Extraction -- 5.3.2 Mechanical Extraction -- 5.3.3 Solvent Extraction -- 5.4 Isolation and the Chemistry of Major Components of CNSL -- 5.4.1 Isolation of the Components of Natural CNSL -- 5.4.2 Isolation of the Components of Technical CNSL -- 5.5 Recent Developments in the Chemical Transformation and Uses of Cashew Nutshell Liquid -- 5.5.1 Pharmaceutical Drugs from Cardanol -- 5.5.2 Anthraquinone-Based Dyes from Anacardic Acid -- 5.5.3 CNSL-Based UV Absorbers -- 5.5.4 CNSL in Preparation of Bioactive Nanocarriers -- 5.5.5 CNSL as a Green Catalyst -- 5.5.6 CNSL-Derived Bifunctional Chemicals -- 5.5.7 CNSL-Based Flame Retardants -- 5.5.8 Use of Cashew Nutshell Liquid in the Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 5.5.9 Use of Cashew Nutshell for Decontamination of Polluted Environment -- 5.5.10 Use of CNSL for Preparation of Resins, Adhesives, and Coatings -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 Plant Biomass Seed and Root Mucilage: Extraction and Properties -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Extraction and Preparation Methods -- 6.2.1 Mucilage Extraction and Preparation -- 6.2.2 Other Mucilage Extraction Methods -- 6.2.3 Model Compounds Preparation -- 6.2.4 Density and Viscosity Measurements -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Density -- 6.3.2 Viscosity -- 6.3.3 Model Compounds -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Plant-Based Colorants: Isolation and Application -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification of Natural Colorants -- 7.2.1 Classification Based on the Sources of Colorants.

7.2.1.1 Plant-Based Natural Colorants -- 7.2.1.2 Colorant Obtained from Animal Sources -- 7.2.1.3 Mineral-Based Natural Colorants -- 7.2.1.4 Microbial and Fungal Origin -- 7.2.2 Classification on the Basis of Chemical Constituents Present -- 7.2.2.1 Indigoid Dyes -- 7.2.2.2 Anthraquinone Dyes -- 7.2.2.3 Naphthoquinone Dyes -- 7.2.2.4 Flavonoid Dyes -- 7.2.2.5 Carotenoid Dyes -- 7.2.2.6 Tannin-Based Dyes -- 7.2.3 Classification on the Basis of Colors Obtained -- 7.2.3.1 Natural Yellow Dyes -- 7.2.3.2 Natural Red Dyes -- 7.2.3.3 Natural Blue Dyes -- 7.2.3.4 Natural Black Dyes -- 7.2.3.5 Natural Brown Dyes -- 7.2.4 Classification on the Basis of Methods of Applications -- 7.3 Extraction Methods of Naturally Occurring Colorants -- 7.3.1 Conventional/Traditional Methods -- 7.3.1.1 Aqueous Extraction -- 7.3.1.2 Nonaqueous Extraction -- 7.3.2 New Innovative/Modern Methods -- 7.3.2.1 Radiation-Based Extraction (Gamma, Plasma, Microwave, Ultraviolet, and Ultrasonic Radiation) -- 7.3.2.2 Gamma Radiation -- 7.3.2.3 Ultraviolet Radiation -- 7.3.2.4 Ultrasonic Radiation -- 7.3.2.5 Supercritical Extraction -- 7.3.2.6 Enzymatic Method -- 7.4 Mordanting -- 7.4.1 Metal Salts Mordants -- 7.4.2 Oil Mordants -- 7.4.3 Tannins -- 7.5 Mordanting Methods -- 7.6 Functional Properties of Natural Colorants -- 7.6.1 Antimicrobial Property -- 7.6.2 Deodorant Properties of Natural Dyes -- 7.6.3 UV-Protection Property of Natural Dyes -- 7.6.4 Insect-Repellent Properties of Natural Dyes -- 7.7 Fastness Properties of Natural Dyes -- 7.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Dyes -- 7.8.1 Advantages -- 7.8.2 Disadvantages -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Revival of Sustainable Fungal-Based Natural Pigments -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classification of Natural Dyes Based on Sources -- 8.3 Fungal-Based Dyes and Pigments -- 8.4 Classification of Fungal Pigments.

8.4.1 Species of the Trichocomaceae Family Producing Pigments -- 8.4.1.1 Aspergillus -- 8.4.1.2 Penicillium -- 8.4.1.3 Talaromyces Species -- 8.4.2 Species of the Monascaceae Family Producing Pigments -- 8.4.2.1 Monascus purpureus -- 8.4.3 Species of the Nectriaceae Family Producing Pigments -- 8.4.3.1 Fusarium oxysporum -- 8.4.3.2 Fusarium graminearum -- 8.4.3.3 Fusarium fujikuroi -- 8.4.4 Species of the Hypocreaceae Family Producing Pigments -- 8.4.4.1 Trichoderma harzianum -- 8.4.4.2 Trichoderma spirale -- 8.4.5 Species of the Pleosporaceae Family Producing Pigments -- 8.4.5.1 Pleosporaceae spp. (Alternaria, Curvularia, and Drechslera) -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Modern Approach Toward Algal-Based Natural Pigments for Textiles -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Bio-Pigments -- 9.2 Diversity of Bio-Pigments Present in Algae -- 9.2.1 Chlorophyll -- 9.2.2 Carotenoids -- 9.2.3 Phycobilisomes -- 9.2.4 Phycobilins -- 9.2.5 Phycocyanin -- 9.2.6 Phycoerythrin -- 9.3 Extraction Methods of Bio-Pigments -- 9.4 Conventional Extraction Methods -- 9.4.1 Classic Extraction -- 9.4.1.1 Solvent-Based Extraction -- 9.4.1.2 Thermal Treatment -- 9.4.1.3 Freeze-Thaw Method -- 9.4.1.4 Enzymatic Extraction -- 9.4.2 Modern Extraction Methods -- 9.4.2.1 Pressurized Systems -- 9.4.2.2 Wave-Energy-Based Cell Disruption -- 9.4.2.3 Cell Milking -- 9.4.2.4 Electroextraction -- 9.4.2.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 9.4.3 Novel Extraction Methodologies -- 9.4.3.1 Laser -- 9.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation -- 9.4.3.3 High Voltage Electrical Discharge (HVED) -- 9.4.3.4 Ohmic Heating (OH) -- 9.5 Algal-Based Natural Dyes -- 9.6 Bio-Pigments in the Textile Industry -- 9.7 Utilization of Algal-Based Natural Dyes in Different Industries -- 9.8 Future Prospective of Algal-Based Bio-Pigments -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References.