part Part I. Overview and Fundamentals -- chapter 1 Toward Understanding the Intelligent Properties of Biological Macromolecules—Implications for Their Design into Biosensors / chapter 2 Optical Methods of Single Molecule Detection and Applications in Biosensors / chapter 3 Nanoscale Optical Biosensors and Biochips for Cellular Diagnostics / chapter 4 Conducting Polymer Nanowire-Based BioFET for Label-Free Detection / chapter 5 Smart Biosensor Functions—A Machine Learning Perspective / chapter 6 Neuronal Network Biosensors / part Part II. Material Design and Selection I -- chapter 7 Material Design and Selection for Smart Biosensors / chapter 8 Molecular Film Assembled Detection System for Biosensors by Layer-by-Layer Adsorption / chapter 9 Nanostructured Organic Matrices and Intelligent Sensors / chapter 10 The Challenge of Human Skin—Engineering the Biotic/Abiotic Interface / part Part III. Material Design and Selection II -- chapter 11 Porous Silicon in Biosensing Applications / chapter 12 Fundamental Aspects and Applications of Nanotubes and Nanowires for Biosensors / chapter 13 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes / part Part IV. Bioelectronics -- chapter 14 Bacteriorhodopsin: From Biophotonic Material to Chemical Sensor / chapter 15 Photoelectric Biosensors: Fundamentals and Innovative Designs / chapter 16 Color-Sensitive Biosensors for Imaging Applications / chapter 17 Protein-Based Photoreceptor Array on Flexible Plastic Substrates / part Part V. Applications in Detection and Monitoring -- chapter 18 Optical Biosensors in Foodborne Pathogen Detection / chapter 19 Multiarray Biosensors for Toxicity Monitoring and Bacterial Pathogens / chapter 20 Approaches to Allergy Detection Using Aptasensors / chapter 21 Biosensors for Virus Detection / chapter 22 Detection of Hanta, Influenza A, and Parainfluenza Virus / chapter 23 Perspectives on Biosensor Technology