Frontmatter -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of maps -- List of tables -- List of figures -- General abbreviations -- Data source abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction Synchronic Phula in diachronic perspective -- Chapter 2 Research background Field methods, theory, and dialectology -- Chapter 3 Synchronic language definitions Identity, intelligibility, and contact -- Chapter 4 Ethnolinguistic vitality Contact, endangerment and shift -- Chapter 5 Phula phonologies Five representative sketches -- Chapter 6 The language clades of Phula Proper Establishing historical subgroupings -- Chapter 7 Phula and Southeastern Ngwi Sani, Axi, Azhe, Azha, Nisu, and Phula Proper -- Chapter 8 Conclusion Diachronic Phula in synchronic perspective -- Appendix A Sociolinguistic questionnaires -- Appendix B Lexical elicitation datasheet sample -- Appendix C Similarity and distance matrices -- Appendix D Sample RTT translation -- Notes -- References -- Index