Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- I. Evolution of Sleep Medicine by Historical Periods -- Sleep in Ancient Egypt -- Sleep Medicine in the Arab Islamic Civilization -- Sleep Medicine in Ancient and Traditional India -- Sleep Medicine in Ancient and Traditional China -- Sleep in the Biblical Period -- Sleep in the New Testament -- The Greco-Roman Period -- The Aztec, Maya, and Inca Civilizations -- II. Sleep Medicine from the Medieval Period to the 19th Century -- Sleep Medicine in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance -- Sleep in the 17th and 18th Centuries -- III. The Early Evolution of Modern Sleep Medicine -- The Evolution of Sleep Medicine in the 19th and the Early 20th Century -- The History of Polysomnography: Tool of Scientific Discovery -- IV. Sleep Medicine Societies, Professional Societies, and Journals -- A History Behind the Development of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Societies -- Development of Sleep Medicine in Europe -- Evolution of Sleep Medicine in Japan -- History of Japanese Clinical Sleep Medicine -- Sleep Medicine around the World (Beyond North American and European Continents) -- V. Sleep Disorders in Historic Diseases -- Cholera -- Encephalities Lethargica -- African Sleeping Sickness -- Sleep and HIV Disease -- VI. Historical Milestones of Individual Sleep Disorders -- Evolution of the Classification of Sleep Disorders -- History of Epidemiological Research in Sleep Medicine -- The Insomnias: Historical Evolution -- VII. Neurological Sleep Disorders -- Narcolepsy - Cataplexy Syndrome and Symptomatic Hypersomnia -- Idiopathic Hypersomnia -- Kleine-Levin Syndrome -- Movement Disorders in Sleep -- History of Restless Legs Syndrome, Recently Named Willis-Ekbom Disease -- Sleep and Stroke -- Sleep in Neurodegenerative Diseases -- Sleep, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Dementia -- Fatal Familial Insomnia and Agrypnia Excitata: Insights into Human Prion Disease Genetics and the Anatomo-Physiology of Wake and Sleep Behaviours -- Epilepsy and Sleep -- Sleep Disorders after Traumatic Brain Injury: Milestones in Perspective -- Headache Syndromes and Sleep -- VIII. Psychiatric and Psychological Sleep Disorders -- Depression -- Schizophrenia and Psychosis -- Bipolar Disorder -- IX. Respiratory Diseases -- A Short History of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome -- Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome: A Short History -- Restrictive and Obstructive Lung Diseases and Sleep Disorders -- NREM Arousal Parasomnias -- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder -- Chronobiology and Sleep -- X. Medical Disorders and Sleep -- Cardiovascular Disease and Sleep Dysfunction -- Nonrestorative Sleep, Musculoskeletal Pain, Fatigue in Rheumatic Disorders and Allied Syndromes: A Historical Perspective -- Sleep and Pain: Milestones and Advances from Research -- Endocrine-Metabolic Disorders and Sleep Medicine -- The Gut and Sleep -- Impotence and Erectile Problems in Sleep Medicine -- Women's Health and Sleep Disorders -- XI. Miscellaneous Important Aspects -- The Emergence of Pediatric Sleep Medicine -- Sleep Disorders,Cognition, Accidents, and Performance -- Sleep Deprivation: Societal Impact and Long Term Consequences -- Sleep Models -- XII. Evolution of Treatment and Investigative Approaches in Sleep Medicine -- A History of Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Insomnia -- The Pharmacological Treatment of Sleep Disorders -- Psychological Treatment of Insomnia: The Evolution of Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy -- Modafinil: Development and Use of the Compound -- Phylogeny in Sleep Medicine -- Gamma-Hyroxybutyrate (Sodium Oxybate): From the Initial Synthesis to the Treatment of Narcolepsy Cataplexy and Beyond -- Development and Impact of Brain Imaging Techniques.