1. Impacts of Process Variations and Aging on Lifetime Reliability of Flip-Flops -- 2 Restructuring-based Lifetime Reliability Improvement of Nano-scale Master-Slave Flip-Flops -- 3 Lifetime Reliability Improvement of Pulsed Flip-Flops -- 4 Gate Sizing-based Lifetime Reliability Improvement of Integrated Circuits -- 5 Joint Timing Yield and Lifetime Reliability Optimization of Integrated Circuits -- 6 Lifetime Reliability Optimization Algorithms of Integrated Circuits using Dual Threshold Voltage Assignment.