The Vienna of Freud : toward expressionism and the transformation of chromatic tonality -- Vienna Schoenberg circle : expressionism and free atonality -- Schoenberg's music societies, World War I, and evolution of the twelve-tone method -- Musical reactions to the ultrachromaticism of the Wagner-Strauss period and the rise of new national styles -- Sources of the "new Hungarian art music" and Bartók's move toward modernism -- Toward synthesis of divergent folk- and art-music sources in eastern Europe -- Cultural identity and cosmopolitan developments in northern, western, and southern Europe -- New musical sources and aesthetics in the United States -- Search for cultural identity in Latin America -- Rise of neoclassicism in France : the Cocteau-Satie era and "Les Six" -- Stravinsky in Switzerland and Paris (1914-1939) : the neoclassical style -- The "new objectivity," Gebrauchsmusik, and neotonality in Germany -- The music of Soviet composers and Socialist realism -- New sonorities based on density, color, and noise -- Beyond the Second Viennese School : early developments of twelve-tone serialism -- Total serialization in Europe -- Serial and nonserial approaches to interval-sets in the United States -- Twelve-tone tonality -- Musique concrète and electronic music -- Aleatory--chance, improvisation, open form--and minimalist music -- Continuation and synthesis of national characteristics and other earlier trends in Europe -- Continuation and synthesis of national characteristics and other earlier trends in the United States -- Latin American composers at home and abroad : continuation and synthesis of national characteristics and other earlier trends -- Synthesis of East and West in eastern Asia.